Towards a New Architecture

Towards a New Architecture
Average customer rating:

give me a break

How buildings became boxes

A must have for Architecture students

Eye opening and excellent

The Godfather of Sprawl

Towards a New Architecture
Le Corbusier
Manufacturer: Dover Publications
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0486250237

Book Description

This pioneering proclamation by the great architect expounds Le Corbusier's technical and aesthetic theories, views on industry, economics, the relation of form to function, "mass-production spirit," and much more. Profusely illustrated with over 200 line drawings and photographs of Le Corbusier's buildings and other important structures.

Customer Reviews:

give me a break.......2007-02-14

the old jeanneret is a purist with a machine aesthetic yearning to become a calculator.

there's nothing wrong with public plazas.

stop repeating yourself. you're not fun to think about.

architecture is plastic and experiential, but not dogmatized by universality, so stop critcising utopian solutions for lack of ingenuity.

How buildings became boxes.......2007-01-15

A must read for anyone with the least bit of interest in architecture.

A must have for Architecture students.......2006-07-24

Worth the read just for Le Corbusier's description of the effects that a building has on the psyche's of its users. Lots of great line drawings. When reading, remember that the book is a collection of magazine articles, hence the repitition that occurs from chapter to chapter. The book should have been only half as long as it is; a lot of unnecessary filler.

Eye opening and excellent.......2005-09-29

While known for at times overstating his case, Le Corbusier still makes a well-thought and passionate statement for the impact and value of architecture in the 20th (and now 21st century). The book is a fast, engaging read and frighteningly topical for something that was written almost a century ago.

The Godfather of Sprawl.......2005-07-01

Corbusier's theories, as much as anyone's, led directly to the dis-integration of the city in favor of the elements that we currently know as sprawl. And he specifically celebrated the things that today, we are trying to painfully wean ourselves from. For example, he exulted over the fact that "I will live 30 miles in one direction from the office, while my secretary will live 30 miles in the other direction from the office, and together, we will consume enough gasoline and rubber for tires that we will keep several people busy producing them." OK, so that's not an exact quote because it's been several years since I read the book, but that's the essence. Look it up, and others like it, and you'll discover that this guy's ideas are responsible for greater destruction of western urbanism than World War II. Seriously. Look at maps of cities in Europe before the war and after. Then look at them in 1970, after Corbusier's ideas came to fruition. You be the judge.

The New Urbanism: Toward an Architecture of Community

Average customer rating:

Time to Pay Attention
Community is not Architecture
Every library in the country should have this book!
how to design urban spaces in small communities
New Urbanism: This is how/where I want to live

The New Urbanism: Toward an Architecture of Community
Peter Katz
Manufacturer: McGraw-Hill Professional
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 0070338892

Book Description

The move to liveable communities--ideal ``small towns'' and neighborhoods where people work, live, play, and walk from place to place--is on. Profit from what a visionary group of architects leading this movement has learned about designing new ``small towns'' in Peter Katz's The New Urbanism. You'll discover the amazing potential for this kind of work as well as case studies, site plans, project analyses, and 180 beautiful photographs. This unique reference also tackles--and answers--the critical issues of crime, health, traffic, environmental degradation, and economic vitality and opens a startling window on the look and feel of future communities. Every designer can profit from this guide to building the utopias of tomorrow--today!

Customer Reviews:

Time to Pay Attention.......2005-08-05

I'm actually studying to be an Urban Planner in school. New Urbanism was a concept that greatly interested me because its principles focus around SMART and RESPONSIBLE planning.

I'm a huge fan of Peter Katz's book. There's only one thing I have to critisize about it--it doesn't confront those opposed to New Urbanism concepts, and I believe that in order to be effective you must challenge the tired, old, and sometimes downright arrogant ideas of the opposition (mostly the same Urban Planners who got us into this whole Urban Sprawl Mess).

Basically, New Urbanism speaks for itself. I would admit, it does have its own issues, but ALL great ideas have issues. And honestly, I would trade the issues of a New Urbanist Town over the issues of a delapidated suburb any day.

I think the best example I can give about how New Urbanism can nuture a growing and healthy community is to look at the television show "Extreme Makeover: Home Edition". Not to say that all New Urbanist communities build such homes, but the point I'm making is that the crew of EM:HE give to a family what they truly deserve...a good home. A good home makes a good family, and a good family can contribute to a good community.

New Urbanism is like that, in that it builds COMMUNITY. I mean, how many of us come home to our neighborhoods and sigh at what we see. I know I do. It saddens me to drive past the run down streets of my neighborhood, only to know the local government is content in finding it suitable enough for habitation.

And with rising gas prices, who wouldn't want a walkable community. I know I would, and I live in Florida--one of the more Humid States in the Union. I remember in my early college days. My Community College was 45 minutes to an Hour away (NO TRAFFIC), and so was BORDERS, my place of employment. I would go to school in the morning, drive back home, then drive all the way to BORDERS. That's A LOT of Gas, and A HUGE dent in my pocket book. But I had no choice, and I absolutely LOVED my school and job.

And that's how Jacksonville, Florida is. I LOVE it here, I love my city, but it TOTALLY sucked when I didn't have a car to get around. You HAVE to own a car in Jacksonville, being as the mass transit system is as close to unreliable as it is efficient.

I support this book as much as I support the New Urbanism movement. This book will help educate as well as inform readers of the benifits of SMART URBAN PLANNING. The notion that the ideas of New Urbanism are dangerous are absolutely absurd when compared to the dangers of the decaying suburbs of America. Why do you think Bank of America is so involved in creating better communities? Less bank robberies (LoL). And take a look at a city like Boulder, Co--voted the number one place in the country to raise a family. The city is built on an opposition to Urban Sprawl (though they could do better to lower the real estate prices).

Oh yah, and about the porches in Seaside, Florida being out of usage. Have you ever been to Seaside? Last time I checked it was a pretty vibrant community. Not to mention, have you ever visited Florida during the Summer? The Humidity will Kill you! I wouldn't be out on my porch either if it was during Summer.

Community is not Architecture.......2001-03-02

I grew up in what new urbanists would probably call a paradise. It was a real community in which neighbours were really neighbours. People did sit on their verandahs and converse with their neighbours on the street. There was an understanding that one could borrow things if the owner wasn't using them. It was considered polite to tell the owner if he was there but if he was away one could just borrow the thing and tell him when he came home if one was still using it. In short it was everything new urbanism wants. This was in a moderately large city in Canada.

There were two things wrong with this paradise:

a) it was not about verandahs, facing the street etc. It was about control and conformity. The neighbourhood protected itself by frowning on unexpected behavior. There was an expected range of interests and an expected range of activity. If someone went out of this range, one could expect social sanctions unfailingly. The dark side of Jacobs 'eyes-on-the-street' is Foucault's 'gaze.' The neighbourhood worked as an exercise in power. The verandahs and street life were instruments of that power. Heaven help anyone who had non-standard interests.

b) the neighbourhood was unsustaining. With the growth of the personal rights ethos, the ability of the neighbourhood to control its inhabitants fell away. No longer could the neighbourhood fathers take action to control petty teenage misbehaviour. Instead personal rights and social policy took these controls away from the neighbourhood and gave them to government agencies. As a result the neighbourhood is now perhaps not unsafe but definitely uncomfortable. No one leaves tools or equipment out now in case a neighbour needs to borrow it. Everything is locked up. The doors are firmly closed and neighbours now complain to the police instead of discussing thier joint problems.

New urbanism seems to miss this point. Neighbourhoods are about local power. For some people this produces a comfortable paradise. For those slightly different it creates a jail of conformity. Some people thrive in it. Some peole will be stifled. Neighboourhoods are an exercise in hopefully beneficent control. Architecture does not create this control. It can destroy it certainly and make it impossible but it cannot create it.

Every library in the country should have this book!.......1999-08-13

I have only had the book a day and already it has given me great pleasure and joy. I love the fantastic pictures and diagrams. The computer digitalizations on a few existing towns today and what they could be like were truely fasinating. I couldn't help not liking the indepth descriptions of numourous cities, towns, and villages from around the country and canada as well. This book had colorful photos and diagrams, this book to me is pure genus!

how to design urban spaces in small communities.......1999-01-08

A very good appraisal of design examples of new communities with also a consistent theoretical approach to New Urbanism concepts. This is a necessary reading to those that want to be updated with the best design practices of integrated urban spaces.

New Urbanism: This is how/where I want to live.......1998-12-12

The basic principles presented in this book are the stuff that dreams are made of. I have shared the ideas presented in this book with many of my friends and they all want to live in communities such as this. We've been strip-malled, mega-malled and automobilized to near-death. New Urbanism as presented here is like a million breaths of fresh air.

It is best to read the basic principles presented in the front of the book first. It may look like dry reading at first but as you get into it, your interest will be piqued at first, then grabbed, and you won't want to put it down till you've read it all. Having read this part you will be armed with the knowledge that, to date, no development or developer has had the guts to follow the principles completely. All of the projects presented include some elements of New Urbanism but none of them have it right. One of the other customer reviewers of this book, Ken Wing, missed this entirely. Hey Ken, there is no people in the Seaside pictures because they want the reader to see the architecture! Those who don't get it, or are afraid of change, tend to trivialze New Urbanism and mis-represent it.

Book Description

Green design is the major architectural movement of our time. Throughout the world architects are producing sustainable buildings in an attempt to preserve the environment and our globe's natural resources. However, current strategies for forming sustainable solutions are typically too general and fail to take advantage of critical geographical, environmental, and cultural factors particular to a specific place. By focusing on the Pacific Northwest, this book provides essential lessons to architects and students on how sustainable architecture can and should be shaped by the unique conditions of a region.

Pacific Northwest regionalism has consistently supported an architecture aimed at environmental needs and priorities. This book illuminates the history of a "green trail" in the work of key architects of the Northwest. It discusses environmental strategies that work in the region, organized according to nature's most basic elements--earth, air, water, and fire--and their underlying principles and forces. The book focuses on technologies, materials, and methods, with a final section that examines thirteen exceptional Northwest buildings in detail and in light of their contributions to sustainable architecture.

Critical case studies by Northwest architects illustrate some of the best environmental design work in North America. Architects in the book include, from Seattle, Mithun Architects and Planners, Jones and Jones Architecture and Landscape Architecture, and the Miller|Hull Partnership; from British Columbia, Peter Busby, Patkau Architects, and Terrence Williams; and from Portland, Allied Works. These projects include innovative design in water and site stewardship, intelligent technologies, passive energy strategies, ecologically sound building materials, and environmentally sensitive energy management systems.

Towards a New Museum: Expanded Edition
Average customer rating:

disappointing

An articulate overview of recent museum design

Towards a New Museum: Expanded Edition
Victoria Newhouse
Manufacturer: Monacelli
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 1580931804

Amazon.com

Should art museums be designed to surprise and delight or to instruct and uplift? Should the museum building be a temple of art or an entertainment complex? Architectural historian Victoria Newhouse considers these and other questions about museums in her book Towards a New Museum. Newhouse examines dozens of art museums built during the 1980s and 1990s and describes how the buildings fit into the history of ideas about the proper function of museums. Some museums are like cabinets of curiosities, a hodgepodge of items the collector assembles to delight viewers. Other designers of museums strive to provide a neutral environment that does not distract viewers from the art. However, some architects believe that hanging paintings on white walls in galleries separates the art from its context. Architects and artists have grappled with these ideas and created some stunning and outlandish museums in recent years. Newhouse describes the sinuous, titanium-coated new Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, and the fractured forms of the Fredrick R. Weisman Art Museum in Minneapolis. She writes about the artist Donald Judd, who bought most of Marfa, Texas, and made it a museum. These are bold and sometimes beautiful museums. Newhouse wisely includes plenty of good pictures and diagrams of each building.

In different segments of the book, Newhouse discusses: private museums, museums that function as temples of art, museums devoted to one artist, and museums designed by artists. She also devotes a chapter to the unfortunate impact of museum politics on design. This chapter, "Wings That Don't Fly," illustrates some of the more vivid design disasters in recent history, including the "toilet tank" addition to the Guggenheim in New York. Art historians, architects, and people who are connected to museums will find this book an instructive, thoughtful overview of what's going on with museums today. --Jill Marquis

Book Description

In this updated edition of the seminal Towards a New Museum, Victoria Newhouse explores the revolution in museum culture that has influenced the architecture of these institutions. She pinpoints the increasing control of artists over the presentation of their work in museum settings and demonstrates how the public interest in art has encouraged satellite museums, small, private museums, and a more overt relationship with the site, even in the most puritanical white cube galleries. Possibly the most dramatic change of all is the predominance and proliferation of the "museum as entertainment."

Among the institutions presented in detail are the Museum of Modern Art in New York (Taniguchi and Associates); the Nasher Sculpture Center in Dallas (Renzo Piano Building Workshop); the Contemporary Arts Center in Cincinnati (Office of Zaha Hadid); the de Young Museum in San Francisco (Herzog & de Meuron); and a series of museums in Japan, including the 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art in Kanazawa by Sejima + Nishizawa/SANAA.

Customer Reviews:

disappointing.......2004-07-17

This book is ok if you want a coffee-table type, once-over- lightly look at some new museums. If you want the kind of serious consideration or analysis that seems promised by the contents/chapter titles, look elsewhere. A waste of $ for my purposes.

An articulate overview of recent museum design.......2004-05-15

Victoria Newhouse's book on recent museum design is fascinating--I have been to many of the projects she includes (there are lots and lots of them), and her descriptions and analyses of them never fail to strike me as remarkably insightful. I don't always agree with her comments or her selection of projects (Frank Stella should stick to painting), but as a whole the book is both a wide-ranging compendium of current designs for the visual arts, and an informed treatise with a strong point of view. Far from being an advocate of universal space, Newhouse keeps returning to her central theme: how well does a particular design serve its particular contents? In answering that question, she displays an unusual comprehension of sophisticated issues in both the architectural and artistic arenas. Newhouse has visited much and looked hard; she has also apparently done a lot of research, talked to many of the clients, architects, and curators, and gives one not only the obvious facts but often the inside story. Then she calls it as she sees it, cogently summarizing the strengths and weaknesses of each project's suitability as a container for art. This is required reading for anyone seriously interested in or involved with problems of museum and gallery design.

Towards a New Kind of Living: The Werkbund Housing Estate Breslau 1929

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Rediscovering another Werkbund gem

Towards a New Kind of Living: The Werkbund Housing Estate Breslau 1929
Institut fnr Auslandsbezi
Manufacturer: Princeton Architectural Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 3764354208

Book Description

Stuttgart's Weissenhof colony had not even reached completion?when in 1927 Werkbund architects in Breslau were already at work?on plans for yet another model housing exhibition - this?one with the aim of advancing the idea of "New Building"?in Silesia.??

Unlike the 1929 Stuttgart-Weissenhof exhibition which had attracted?such luminaries as Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, J.J.P. Oud,?Peter Behrens and Mart Stam, there were no foreign architects?at the Breslau "Wohnung und Werkraum"[Living- and Work?Space] show, labeled WUWA for short. Nonetheless, Hans Scharoun?and Adolf Rading, both associated with the progressive Breslau?Academy, provided spectacular projects of international import.?But it was also the thoroughly modern building approach of Theo?Effenberger, Moritz Hadda and Heim & Kempter that turned the?WUWA into a major «New Building" manifesto which would,?however, fall to obscurity in the postwar period.?The catalogue is the first comprehensive publication on Werkbundsiedlung?Breslau. The extensive illustrations section contains photos,?plans and models of all buildings, some appearing in print for?the first time. The texts, written by field specialists, review?the planning phase and architectural history behind the WUWA,?cover technological, landmark preservation and urban planning?aspects and explain the importance of the Breslau Werkbundsiedlung?for the development of the modern movement.

Customer Reviews:

Rediscovering another Werkbund gem.......2000-05-09

Beginning with the Cologne exposition of 1914, the German Werkbund and its sister organizations in Central Europe undertook a program for disseminating the new 'radical' theories of architecture. This was particularly true when it came to disseminating ideas of how to design housing, an area that became an important mission for these Werkbunden, which proceeded to sponsor housing exhibitions in various cities prior to the Second World War. The best know of these was the Weissenhof Siedlung in Stuttgart, built in conjunction with the Werkbund exposition of 1927. With its master plan by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who also designed a seminal apartment building, the complex includes structures by Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, Bruno Taut, Max Taut, Hans Scharoun, Adolf Rading, Mart Stam, J.J.P. Oud, Victor Bourgeois, Peter Behrens, and others. The Breslau Werkbund exhibition, "Wohnung und Werkraum" or WUWA-- the subject of this fine volume--did not share its Stuttgart sibling's list of contributing architects from the firmament of Avant Garde architects, rather it relied on practitioners from what was then Upper Silesia--Schliesen--and included professors at the Breslau Academy of Applied Arts--itself one of the institutions that benefited from Hermann Muthesius' appointment in 1904 as privy councilor to the Prussian Board of Trade and superintendent of schools of applied arts for all of Prussia. The focus of the 1929 Breslau Werkbund exhibition was the interrelationship of dwelling and workplace. The exhibition, on a site adjacent to the trade fairgrounds--a condition not unlike that at Stuttgart--permitted for concurrent exhibitions and other cultural activities to take place in conjunction with the housing exhibition. Buildings by Scharoun and Rading, as well as Hans Poelzig and others less-well known outside German academic circles but nonetheless significantly contributing to the theoretical explorations underpinning the WUWA. The projects range from the single family houses by Heinrich Lauterbach, Moritz Hadda, Ludwig Moshamer, or Emil Lange, row houses by Gustav Wolf or by Ludwig Moshamer, Heinrich Lauterbach, Moritz Hadda, Paul Häusler, and Theo Effenberger, to Paul Heim & Albert Kempter's apartment block with open hallway access and a kindergarten, to a wonderful collective residence by Rading, to Scharoun's magnificent building for singles that today is a guest house. The buildings are presented in period and contemporary photographs, plans, and detailed description. Also found are chapters placing the WUWA in the context of other Werkbund efforts, and other experiments in housing of the period. The book ends with photographs of models built by students at the University of Stuttgart for a recent exhibition, and brief biographies of the architects involved in the WUWA. As with the publication on the Bohemian Werkbund's 1932 exhibition in Prague on the Baba hillside overlooking the city center, this volume provides much-needed documentation in English (both exhibitions had been discussed in earlier publications, including a 1983 study analyzing housing from the 1920s then and in the 1980s by Liselotte Ungers, a publication unfortunately not accessible to the monolingual U.S. public).

Art and Judaism in the Greco-Roman World: Toward a New Jewish Archaeology

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Art and Judaism in the Greco-Roman World: Toward a New Jewish Archaeology
Steven Fine
Manufacturer: Cambridge University Press
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Binding: Hardcover

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How to Read the Bible: A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now

ASIN: 0521844916

Book Description

Art and Judaism explores the Jewish experience with art during the Greco-Roman period - from the Hellenistic period through the rise of Islam. It starts with the premise that Jewish art in antiquity was a ‘minority’ or ‘ethnic’ art and surveys ways that Jews fully participated in, transformed, and at times rejected the art of their general environment. It focuses upon the politics of identity during the Greco-Roman period, even as it discusses ways that modern identity issues have sometimes distorted and at other times refined scholarly discussion of ancient Jewish material culture.

Toward a New International Financial Architecture: A Practical Post-Asia Agenda

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Another Triumph!

Toward a New International Financial Architecture: A Practical Post-Asia Agenda
Barry J. Eichengreen
Manufacturer: Institute for International Economics
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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The Chastening: Inside the Crisis That Rocked the Global Financial System and Humbled the Imf
Under New Ownership: Privatizing China's State-owned Enterprises
Capital Flows and Crises
And The Money Kept Rolling In (And Out): Wall Street, The IMF, and The Bankrupting of Argentina
Globalization and Its Discontents

ASIN: 0881322709

Download Description

The Asian financial crisis and the global economic turmoil that followed it have highlighted the need to avert financial crises and resolve them quickly if they do occur. This book addresses current concerns that existing institutional arrangements, including the Bretton Woods institutions, can no longer adequately cope with today's world of high capital mobility. It provides a critical assessment of competing proposals to better predict, forestall, and resolve international financial crises and outlines a practical and pragmatic agenda for reform. The recommendations are based on the belief that financial markets can malfunction, creating a compelling case for a financial safety net (and therefore a role for the IMF), but also creating problems of moral hazard that must be addressed.

Customer Reviews:

Another Triumph!.......2000-04-30

Eichengreen clearly demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the international financial structure. He provides conservative and realistic criticisms for the reformation of the IMF. The Institute for International Economics should be proud of his nonpartisan attempt to quantify economic and financial theory into reliable, real life circumstances. This publication, like many other publications by the institute, is overtly academic and may not represent the best option for readers with no formal backqround in economics or finance. It is perhaps most relevant for government and corporate policy makers, academics, and those with a serious interest in international finance.

How Religion Works: Towards a New Cognitive Science of Religion

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Towards a New Cognitive Science of Religion

How Religion Works: Towards a New Cognitive Science of Religion
Ilkka Pyysiainen , and Iikka Pyysiainen
Manufacturer: Brill Academic Publishers
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought

ASIN: 9004132732

Customer Reviews:

Towards a New Cognitive Science of Religion.......2005-01-26

Pyysiäinen applies the philosophies and theories of thinkers that include Émile Durkhiem, Mircea Eliade, Jerry Fodor, Clifford Geertz and Robert McCauley in this analysis of the cognitive basis of religion. Central themes include religion and culture, religion and society, ritual and emotion, and ethics.

Arguing, perhaps controversially, that mechanisms underlying religious thought and behavior are something that can be naturally explained in the same manner as any other cultural and cognitive phenomena, the author examines how cognitive science can shed light on religious phenomena. After defining the ideas and behaviors to be studied, he argues that cognitive theories of the representation of agency and counter- intuitiveness can make sense of the widespread belief in supernatural beings. The theories of religion of Geertz and Durkheim are examined and criticized as arbitrary abstractions. In the end, Pyysiäinen argues that religion should be understood both as a distinct cognitive phenomena and as being related to other phenomena of counter-intuitiveness revealed in empirical studies.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
Ch. 1 Introduction: Cognitive Approach to Religion 1
The Category of 'Religion' 1
The Cognitive Approach 5
Ch. 2 God and Transcendence 9
'God' as an Emic Concept 9
Superhuman Beings, Religion and Science 12
Intentional Agents 14
Counter-Intuitiveness of Gods 18
Ch. 3 Religion and Culture 25
Geertz and the Concept of 'Culture' 25
Geertz and Symbolism 33
Geertz on Religion as a Symbolic Cultural System 44
Ch. 4 Religion and the Social 55
On the Sociological Background of Durkheim's Theory of Religion 55
Religion and Society 59
Religion as Symbolic of the Society - A Critique 63
Religion and Society Reconsidered 70
Ch. 5 Religious Belief, Experience, and Ritual 77
Ritual and Emotion 78
What is Emotion? 97
On the Neurophysiology of Emotion 102
Religious Experience, "Mysticism" and Emotions 109
Ch. 6 Religion, "Worldview," and Ethics 143
Religion as "Worldview" 143
An Outline of Ethics as a Field of Study 158
Religious Ethics 173
Ch. 7 Religion and Cognition: Towards a New Science of Religion 197
Domain Specificity 197
Cognitive Modules 199
Intuitive Theories and Cognitive Domains 208
Is Religion a Cognitive Domain? 215
References 237
Index of Names 267
Index of Subjects 270

Community and Privacy Toward a New Architecture of H

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Community and Privacy Toward a New Architecture of H
Chermayeff S
Manufacturer: DoubleDay
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: 0385034768

Changing Architectural Education: Towards a New Professionalism

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Changing Architectural Education: Towards a New Professionalism
Simon Pilling
Manufacturer: Taylor & Francis
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Education of An Architect: A Point of View: The Cooper Union School of Art and Architecture 1964-1971

ASIN: 0419259201

Book Description

Architectural education is under pressure to meet the demands of an evolving construction industry and to cater to the increasingly varied career destinations of graduates. How should architectural education respond to these professional challenges? How can students be better prepared for professional practice? These questions are the focus of this book, which brings together contributions from a wide range of authors, from both the UK and the USA, working in the fields of architectural education, architectural practice and educational research.

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