The New Global Economy and Developing Countries: Making Openness Work (Overseas Development Council)

Book Description

Policy makers in the developing world are grappling with new dilemmas created by openness to trade and capital flows. What role, if any, remains for the state in promoting industrialization? Does openness worsen inequality, and if so, what can be done about it? What is the best way to handle turbulence from the world economy, especially the fickleness of international capital flows?

In The New Global Economy and Developing Countries Dani Rodrik argues that successful integration into the world economy requires a complementary set of policies and institutions at home. Policy makers must reinforce their external strategy of liberalization with an internal strategy that gives the state substantial responsibility in building physical and human capital and mediating social conflicts.

Customer Reviews:

Lessons for Policy Makers.......2000-05-04

In this book, Danny Rodrik offers some valuable guidance for policy-makers. They should focus on the fundamentals of economic growth - investment, macro-economic stability, human resources and good governance - and not let international economic integration dominate their thinking. The potential benefits of openness will only be realised when "complementary policies and institutions are in place domestically".

An important result from his analysis is that a strong, participatory, democracy is good for growth. This is very much in line with Barro's "Determinants of Economic Growth" (1998).The resoning is that a country with a strong democracy will be better at resolving the social conflicts emerging from external economic shocks, and therefore benefit from greater macroeconomic stability. In order to increase the effectiveness of dealing with shocks, the channels to which non-elites can make themselves heard, and participate, in policy making needs to be improved. Otherwise dissatisfaction will lead to social unrest.To play the role of honest broker, the state needs to perceived as competent and free of corruption.

Two policy areas are identified as being central to achieving long-term growth and making openness work: A domestic investment strategy; the strengthening of domestic institutions of conflict management.

Many of his findings offer support for much of current policy thinking on development. The importance of political freedom, security of person, and the need for a reasonable degree of macroeconomic stability is widely recognised. Good governance has moved firmly up the list of priorities. Also, attempts are being made to try and increase the widespread "ownership" of reforms through e.g. the Comprehensive Development Framework of the World Bank.

However, there are several important areas where Rodrik's analysis requires further consideration:

· Developing countries, in devising a domestic investment strategy, are better advised to look at ways of reducing risk and improving their credibility in the eyes of domestic and foreign investors, rather than following Rodrik's suggestion to improve investment returns through e.g. investment subsidies. (see Moran (1998) "Foreign Direct Investment and Development").

· The strong link between good governance and openness is very important and needs greater attention. Red tape and corruption are strongly correlated. Trade restrictions nearly always introduce distortions, caused by "rent seeking" activities, and create vested interest groups.

· As he suggests, all countries are able to improve their "fundamentals". But it is also true that different regions are likely to benefit from integration - in terms of both growth and poverty reduction - to very different extents.

· Rodrik suggests that Africa is not "different". He is right in so far as domestic factors - stability and security - are central to its success. But sub Saharan Africa is different . It faces great difficulties in building institutions of conflict management and has a legacy of being the most trade and capital hostile region.

· As is always the case in the "never ending question" of empirical tests of the links between trade and growth, the interpretation of the results of his work is very much open to question. He is far from decisively refuting this link.

Taking some of these factors into account suggests that Rodrik's somewhat sanguine attitude to inward-looking developm t is ill advised. Also, the potential role for international governance in helping to overcome several of and the problems facing poorer countries - low credib ity, limited regulatory resources, small markets -becomes more important. But these rules will help in so far as they encourage certainty, transparency and non-discrimination, rather than in offering flexibility. However, as Rodrik states, " these rules of the internation economy must be flexible in order to allow developing countries to develop their own "styles of capitalism"".

Insights into making 'globalization'work for poor countries.......1999-02-20

Like clothes, economic development policies are subject to the trends of fashion. This book examines the current development fad, "openness," and critiques it as a flawed economic model when applied simplistically to developing countries. The author, Dani Rodrik, professor of international political economy at Harvard, is no enemy of an open world economy, but he argues that its boosters greatly oversell its virtues and neglect its vices. He contends that too many governments and their policy advisors are fixated on openness --the unrestricted flow of goods, services, and capital across borders--as an end in itself. The dangers to this approach, he warns, are that: 1) openness alone is an unreliable mechanism to generate and sustain economic growth; 2) it tends to widen income and wealth inequalities within both developed and developing countries; and 3) it exposes countries to external shocks that can trigger domestic conflicts and political upheavals.

A developing country can gain much from openness to trade and investment, he agrees, but it must also do much in actively "making openness work"--the theme of the book. The minuses of openness may outweigh the pluses if a country fails to develop its own internal "complementary policies and institutions." What kind of policies and institutions? He cites these as among the most important: "participatory institutions, civil and political liberties, free labor unions, non-corrupt bureaucracies, high-quality independent judiciaries, and mechanisms of social insurance such as social safety nets." He offers specific evidence on how such institutions are valuable to developing countries for coping with turbulence in the world economy and for countering the widening of inequality that openness often brings. For most economists Rodrik is heretical because he debunks the "free market religion" and derides "knee-jerk globalizers," though only in passing. This is far from a diatribe against globalization. Instead, the book presents a detailed factual case for openness as "part of a development strategy," rather than a substitute for one. His forceful advice to governments and policy advisers: "Stop thinking of international economic integration as an end itself. Developing nations have to engage the world economy on their own terms, not on terms set by global markets or multilateral institutions." A valuable chapter of the book is one titled "Is Africa Is Different?" Rodrik answers No; openness can work its wonders there but (as anywhere) definitely not if applied simplistically.

Rodrik slips into jargon from time to time, but you can still benefit from reading his book even if you don't have a degree in economics.

Customer Reviews:

So, True.......2006-10-26

In the last couple of years several books have been published focusing on the huge, largely untapped, and unfocused upon, regional/local markets of people in LDC nations. Focusing on the needs, preferences, and wants of the people in these markets pave the way for mutual benefits and stronger symbiotic relationships. Authors Vijay Mahajan and Kimini Banga continue this relevant discourse with "The 86 Percent Solution." Their focus on the 'local and regional' instead of a national market is important for knowledge and understanding. Instead of focusing on national borders, businesspeople are focusing on Shanghai, Mumbai, town X, or city Y, or region Z. Not the "Indian Market, Chinese Market," or "Russian market." The crux likes back to this fact: eighty-six percent of the people on planet Earth earn less than $10,000 USD per year.

Many points in this book are common sense. If you're doing business in an area, then of course you have to learn about local area, and a neighborhood's conditions, wants, and needs. There is focus on marketing here, which seems to mean: dump products down people's throats and profit from it at the same time. (I understand the necessity for mutual benefits.) But at times this book sounds like "How to do business in LDC regions for dummies." To be fair, the information in this book is needed by many that come to foreign countries with very little insight into "how things really work" at the local and cultural level. This includes not only market needs, but how to behave, be culturally sensitive, and understand local, cultural etiquette. I frequently witness first-hand MBA grads and experienced western business people come to a foreign country with immense business, product knowledge, and marketing expertise. And they fall flat on their faces because they didn't have the proper information, training, and exposure to culturally deal with the local people. Oft-times these people didn't consider this knowledge or awareness to be important.

With globalization and increasing WTO-country membership, this book and others will be increasingly important to those doing business overseas and having business relationships with customers, employees, fellow managers, and even strangers. Cultural awareness is often equally just as important as "business knowledge." Sometimes, it's more important.

A note by the authors on English as the International Language:
The authors claim that English may not be the International Business Language in the future. This assertion is completely false and without merit. The authors state that "If you want to work with 86 percent of the world, you need to speak the languages of the 86 percent."

Yes, business people need to learn foreign languages. True, it's important for foreigners to study and attempt to learn the local language of a region if they are going to do business and/or live somewhere for a period of time. It leads to more cultural understanding and less instances of mis-communication. But the demand for English is skyrocketing in China and many other countries of the world. The demand for learning other non-English languages will increase - but the demand to learn and use English will not decrease. It will continue to grow, and much faster than other languages.

The contention that students and future business people from all over the world will learn Mandarin, Arabic, and Hindi because the *number* of people who speak these languages is greater, is oversimplified and unrealistic.

Just ask the Chinese: "Do you want foreigners to learn Mandarin?" Or, is it better for Chinese people to learn English?
The Chinese want to learn English. They also benefit tremendously from foreigners *not* learning Chinese. Ask a Vietnamese, Russian, Korean, Japanese, American, or German if they want to spend over 7+ years studying intensive Mandarin?

Chinese and Arabic speakers who learn English can communicate and do business all over the world in all continents. Mandarin speakers can do business only in certain parts of China. Big difference.
Non-native English speakers currently outnumber native English speaker by 4 to 1, and this gap is increasing.

Kudos to Mahajan and Banga for this book and their work in this field, which is finally getting more attention. Attention that is just, and far over due.

A related point:
The recent Nobel Prize awarded to Mohammed Yunus and his Grameen Bank for his micro-loans provided directly to poor people living in rural areas who are otherwise considered "not bankable." Most banks focus on large public projects and require collateral and credit. These large projects often involve corruption and embezzlement. The percentage of borrowers who repay their loans under Yunus's micro-lending program is very high. It works.

This is an informative and helpful book.

Tactical/Neighborhood Implementation for Ethical Profit from the Poor.......2006-03-16

This book is best appreciated if you have first read C.K. Prahalad's "The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid," William Grieder's "The Soul of Capitalism," and Stuart Hart's "Capitalism at the Crossroads." It is a tactical or foreign neighborhood (both in the Third World and in the immigrant sections of the First World) implementation manual for profiting from sales to the poor.

It makes many obvious points as well as many not so obvious points, and I will not list them here. This is a book that requires patience and careful reading. The author has brought forward a great deal of detail in a very easy to read way.

I will end with thought that the Wharton School's publishing arm has really catalyzed for me with these varied book. The five billion at the bottom of the pyramid are the last remaining super-power on this planet. The good news is that we can profit from enriching them. The bad news is that we still have morons in power that think we can keep them down by using guns. Newsflash: there are not enough guns on the planet to keep the five billion and their off-spring from over-running us. Capitalism, and the rapid nurturing of indigenous self-sustaining wealth that includes the rapid education of women (which leads to saner men, less disease, limited growth) is our only salvation.

This book is one of a handful that could be said to be truly revolutionary in terms of transforming the planet from one beset by poverty, to one inspired by entrepreneurship at the neighborhood level.

Very unique look into the biggest market for years to come........2006-01-17

The 86 Percent Solution : How to Succeed in the Biggest Market Opportunity of the Next 50 Years (Hardcover)
by Vijay Mahajan, Kamini Banga
ISBN: 0131489070
The authors provide a very unique look into the biggest market for years to come.
The book The 86 Percent Solution provides rich insights into the emerging markets where per capita incomes of individuals is as low as $300 but still provide tremendous scope for growth.
Developing markets offer the greatest potential for gains unheard of in the developed markets. To venture into these markets companies will have to (un)learn all that worked elsewhere. The things that worked in developed economies and the basic presumptions made will not work in most developing nations of today. The concept of consumer is king is a myth in these places, where in fact a consumer is a person with limited purchasing power, bargaining power and storage capacity.
What works for marketing Fast Moving Consumer Goods won't work for Consumer Durables or for Services. Even though developing markets seem risky as there is little or no credit risk monitoring at the dealer level besides the usual problems of lack of infrastructure there will always be a first mover advantage for companies willing to invest in infrastructure.
Products like water filtration systems for individual homes will find a ready market where potable drinking water is unheard of. In the rural markets even with the sweltering heat it is difficult to sell an air conditioner where uninterrupted power supply is neither available nor expected.
To sell in these markets region specific plans rather then country specific ones will need to be formulated and implemented, due to the fragmented nature of the markets having their own special needs.
Through various example the authors explain all that works and doesn't work and why.
This book is a must read for all those who wish to tap this market and also all those who always wondered why all their wining strategies which worked so well for them for so many years everywhere else, just don't work in these markets.
The coauthor Vijay Mahajan is a former dean of the Indian School of Business and holds the John P. Harbin Centennial Chair in Business at McCombs School of Business, University of Texas at Austin.
The coauthor Kamini Banga is an independent marketing consultant and managing director of Dimensions Consultancy Pvt. Ltd.

Expert Guidance to Almost Unlimited Opportunities.......2006-01-05

With regard to the meaning and significance of the title, Mahajan and Banga explain that 86% of the world has a per capita gross national product (GNP) of less than $10,000 per year. So what? Not only do those markets represent the future of global commerce; "they also present rich opportunities for companies that have the imagination and creativity to envision [consumers within those markets]. But you won't recognize these opportunities through the lens of the developed world. You won't reach these consumers through the market strategies that work in the 14 percent markets. Developing markets have no smooth superhighways, no established consumer markets, no distribution networks, and, in many cases, no electricity. Developing markets are younger, behind in technology (but rapidly catching up), and inexperienced as consumers. These markets are very different. Yet with creative solutions tailored to their distinctive characteristics, ...you can realize the rich opportunities of these 86 percent markets."

Mahajan and Banga have carefully organized their material within eleven chapters which range from a rigorous analysis of "the lands of opportunity" to a "Conclusion" in which they explain why the markets in underdeveloping countries "not to be missed." More specifically, they discuss what they describe as a "complex tapestry" of convergent civilizations in which there really do seem to be almost unlimited opportunities to increase both the standard of living and quality of life for hundreds of millions of consumers. The challenge for those companies which attempt to market various goods and services in those markets is to understand their unique characteristics. To me, it seems at east as important to understand what they are not as it is to understand what they are...or can (and will) become.

Here are two brief excerpts and then a checklist which, I hope, indicate the scope and depth of Mahajan and Banga's analysis.

"There is no Chinese market. There is a market in Shanghai, or in a neighborhood in Shanghai. There is no Indian market. There is a market in Mumbai or Chennai, or in their local neighborhoods. Developing countries are a collection of fragmented local markets in a country that is gathered loosely under a single flag." (Page 77)

"Think English is the language to know for business? Maybe not for long. Consider that Mandarin Chinese has the largest number of speakers in the world -- a billion, including second-language speakers. This is followed by English, with about half as many speakers, and then Spanish, Hindi, Arabic, Bengali, and Russian. If you want to work with 86 percent of the world, you need to speak the languages of the 86 percent." (page 83)

Which strategies will be most effective when "taking the market to the people"? Mahajan and Banga suggest seven:

1. Position for the paanwalla (i.e. small shop)

2. Create multiple levels of distribution (e.g. Hindustan Lever's "Project Shakti" based a direct-to-home model involving self-help groups, each comprised of 10-15 underprivileged women)

3. Use distribution bubbles (i.e. carnivals, market days, and vans which come and go) to find customers where they are

4. Take the bank out of the branch (e.g. Citibank's use of vans and a network of 9,000 direct-selling agents, called "Citi Friends," who visit homes)

5. Develop on-the-ground insights (i.e. understand and adapt to local aND even neighborhood regulations and conditions)

6. Create distribution systems from scratch (e.g. a new distribution system, based on grassroots networks, which built a supply chain for a camel's milk dairy in Mauritania)

7. Use existing networks creatively (e.g. the "dabbawala system" in Mumbai, India, probably the world's most efficient lunch delivery system which collects 175,000 home-cooked meals from workers' homes and delivers them to their offices)

Thoughtfully, Mahajan and Banga provide a section at the end of each of the first ten chapters, "The 86 Percent Solution," which summarizes key points and facilitates subsequent review of them. Before concluding their brilliant book, Mahajan and Banga share these thoughts when explaining why numbers are on the side of the developing world: Population Equals Profits. "The transformation is just beginning. There will be hiccups along the way and further surprises over the next two decades as the next `Chinas' and `Indias' emerge. The only certainty is the the 86 percent markets are here to stay. These markets are young and growing. Even though they won't become developed tomorrow,,, they are the future. And the companies that can develop the right solutions to meet their needs will find a rich source of growth."

Who will derive the greatest benefit from Mahajan and Banga's book? In my opinion, they are decision makers in two different categories of companies: Those which now market or are about to market in underdeveloping countries, and, other companies which now do business with -- or plan to do business with -- those in the first category. I also think this book will be of substantial interest and value to public officials who are now actively involved with helping to support global commerce.

Congratulations to Mahajan and Banga on a brilliant achievement!

The markets are there, but the rules are vastly different..........2005-12-16

Business is obviously always on the lookout for growth opportunities. In the book The 86% Solution - How To Succeed In the Biggest Market Opportunity of the 21st Century by Vijay Mahajan and Kamini Banga, the argument is made (and quite effectively) that the largest new markets are in the developing countries... 86% of the world. However, the rules are significantly different in those markets...

Contents: The Lands of Opportunity; Don't Build a Car When You Need a Bullock Cart; Aim for the Ricochet Economy; Connect Brands to the Market; Think Young; Grow Big by Thinking Small; Bring Your Own Infrastructure; Look for the Leapfrog; Take the Market to the People; Develop with the Market; An Opportunity Not to Be Missed; Index

Many companies that have tried to move into these developing countries did so by following the same rules that worked in the richest 14% of the world. They more often than not failed miserably. The economies are different, the purchasing power is different, and the market plays by different rules based on culture. The authors do an excellent job in showing how a different approach to these markets are necessary in order to succeed. For instance, in "Grow Big by Thinking Small", they explain that developing country consumers are using to buying what they need when they need it, and only the amount they immediately need. They often don't have either the space to store bulk quantities nor the extra income to stockpile. Trying to sell laundry detergent for 100 loads will fail. Selling enough soap for one load for a few pennies will work. The margins are thin, but the volume is huge. Your company needs to figure out how to make it all work. In "Take the Market to the People", you'll learn that the concept of going to the nearest Wal-Mart is completely unknown. Your "store" may be a stall at a weekly market bazaar or a person cycling your wares from village to village. You better understand that and package/price accordingly. And what do you do when you're marketing electrical items in a country where power is normally unavailable for hours each day? That's your new reality...

For any business or entrepreneur looking to tap into the vastly underserved global markets, this book is required reading. Even if you're just moderately interested in business and markets, the information here is fascinating. What we consider normal, really isn't...

Brewing Justice: Fair Trade Coffee, Sustainability, and Survival

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Great overview of fair trade coffee

Brewing Justice: Fair Trade Coffee, Sustainability, and Survival
Daniel Jaffee
Manufacturer: University of California Press
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Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0520249593

Book Description

Fair trade is a fast-growing alternative market intended to bring better prices and greater social justice to small farmers around the world. But is it working? This vivid study of coffee farmers in Mexico offers the first thorough investigation of the social, economic, and environmental benefits of fair trade. Based on extensive research in Zapotec indigenous communities in the state of Oaxaca, Brewing Justice follows the members of the cooperative Michiza, whose organic coffee is sold on the international fair trade market. It compares these families to conventional farming families in the same region, who depend on local middlemen and are vulnerable to the fluctuations of the world coffee market. Written in a clear and accessible style, the book carries readers into the lives of these coffee producer households and their communities, offering a nuanced analysis of both the effects of fair trade on everyday life and the limits of its impact. Brewing Justice paints a clear picture of the complex dynamics of the fair trade market and its relationship to the global economy. Drawing on interviews with dozens of fair trade leaders, the book also explores the changing politics of this international movement, including the challenges posed by the entry of transnational corporations into the fair trade system. It concludes by offering recommendations for strengthening and protecting the integrity of fair trade.

Customer Reviews:

Great overview of fair trade coffee.......2007-07-20

Jaffee did a great job covering the important aspects of fair trade coffee. He thoroughly explained the history of the market and explained the coffee market during the ICA years as well. He also covers the drawbacks of fair trade. I would recomend this book to anyone interested in coffee as well as anyone interested in social justice.

Global Economic Prospects 2007: Managing The Next Wave of Globalization (Global Economic Prospects)

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Global Economic Prospects 2007: Managing The Next Wave of Globalization (Global Economic Prospects)

Manufacturer: World Bank Publications
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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Trade Policy and Global Poverty
William R. Cline
Manufacturer: Peterson Institute
ProductGroup: Book
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Free trade can help 500 million people escape poverty and inject $200 billion annually into the economies of developing countries, according to a new study from the Institute for International Economics. Trade Policy and Global Poverty by William R. Cline provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential for trade liberalization to spur growth and reduce poverty in developing countries. It quantifies the impact on global poverty of industrial-country liberalization, as well as liberalization by the developing countries. Cline finds that the stakes of the poor in trade policy are large. Global free trade would convey long-term economic benefits of about $200 billion annually to developing countries. Half or more of these gains would come from the removal of industrial-country protection against developing-country exports. By removing their trade barriers, industrial countries could convey economic benefits to developing countries worth about twice the amount of their annual development assistance. By helping developing countries grow through trade, moreover, industrial countries could lower costs to consumers for imports and realize other increased economic efficiencies.

The study further estimates that free trade could reduce the number of people in global poverty (earning less than $2 per day) by about 500 million over 15 years. This would cut the world poverty level by an additional 25 percent. Agricultural liberalization alone contributes about half of these gains. Cline judges that the developing countries were right to risk collapse of the Doha Round at the Cancún ministerial meeting in September 2003 by insisting on much deeper liberalization of agriculture than the industrial countries were then willing to offer.

Book Description

How can we help poor people earn more from their knowledge--rather than from their sweat and muscle alone? This book is about increasing the earnings of poor people in poor countries from their innovation, knowledge, and creative skills. Case studies look at the African music industry;
traditional crafts and ways to prevent counterfeit crafts designs; the activities of fair trade organizations; biopiracy and the commercialization of ethnobotanical knowledge; the use of intellectual property laws and other tools to protect traditional knowledge. The contributors motivation is
sometimes to maintain the art and culture of poor people, but they recognize that except in a museum setting, no traditional skill can live on unless it has a viable market. Culture and commerce more often complement than conflict in the cases reviewed here. The book calls attention to the unwritten
half of the World Trade Organizations Agreement on the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS). TRIPS is about knowledge that industrial countries own, and which poor people buy. This book is about knowledge that poor people in poor countries generate and have to sell. It will be of
interest to students and scholars of international trade and law, and to anyone with an interest in ways developing countries can find markets for cultural, intellectual, and traditional knowledge.

Development, Trade, and the Wto: A Handbook (World Bank Trade and Development Series)

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Great book

Development, Trade, and the Wto: A Handbook (World Bank Trade and Development Series)

Manufacturer: World Bank Publications
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ASIN: 082134997X

Book Description

International trade is a matter of vital importance for developing countries, since it can stimulate growth and contribute to poverty reduction. Trade is, however, an increasingly complex issue, and policymakers in developing countries will need to understand the many ramifications of multilateral trade agreements if their countries are to benefit from this engine of growth.

Development, Trade, and the WTO summarizes the economics of sound trade policy, explains behind-the-border regulatory issues, and serves as a comprehensive reference on trade-related issues. It also contains two CD-ROM with relevant data and training material.

Policymakers, trade negotiators, indeed any reader interested in international trade will find this book invaluable.

This is not merely a timely publication, it is a very important one. It addresses a vital series of questions through contributors of the highest caliber. Trade in general and the WTO in particular are essential building blocks for a better world. Interdependence, however, can only develop effectively within a rule-based system. That fact is demonstrated in this book.--Peter Sutherland, former Director-General of GATT and the WTO

This handbook is a wonderful resource for anyone and everyone who works on trade policy in developing countries. It covers every aspect of trade affected by multilateral rules. It provides alternative perspectives on controversial issues, allowing readers to make up their own minds. And it does all this in a superbly concise and clear way.--Adrian Wood, Chief Economist, UK Department for International Development

Customer Reviews:

Great book.......2007-07-15

Thanks much. I received this book on time and it was in good condition as it should be. I am very satisfied by purchasing this book.

Behind the Scenes at the WTO: The Real World of International Trade Negotiations, Updated Edition

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Behind the Scenes at the WTO: The Real World of International Trade Negotiations, Updated Edition
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Release Date: 2004-11-11

Book Description

World hunger, jobs, the overall economic prospects of developing and developed countries alike are all being influenced by the international negotiations about trade, agriculture, services, investment and intellectual property rights going on at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Based on interviews with the participants, this remarkable book lifts the shroud of secrecy surrounding these ostensibly democratic negotiations.

What emerges is a disturbing account entirely at odds with the official picture of a rules-based consensus emerging out of multilateral trade discussions in which all WTO member countries are equal participants. In reality:

· Closed doors rather than open access and public information is the preferred mode of negotiation;

· Decisions are often being made without the full approval of developing countries;

· The tiny delegations of the poorest and smallest countries have only a limited capacity to calculate in advance the implications of what they are being asked to sign up to;

· More seriously still, there are instances of illegitimate pressures and inducements being offered by the US and EU delegations - including threats to report non-compliant Third World delegates to their superiors, and hints that aid to countries refusing to kow-tow may be withheld.

The revelations contained in this book are of enormous importance to all those concerned that international institutions should be more transparent and democratic, and that the rules being developed for the world economy should primarily be geared to solving the pressing humanitarian problems of poverty, hunger, jobs and improvements in the standards of living of all those being left behind by the process of globalization.

World Development Report 1999/2000: Entering the 21st Century-Development World Bank (published for World Bank by Oxford University Press) (World Development Report)

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World Bank
Manufacturer: A World Bank Publication
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Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0195211243

Book Description

Known as the standard reference for international economic data, the twenty-second annual edition of the World Development Report provides a set of Selected World Development Indicators as an appendix, presenting social and economic statistics for more than 200 countries.

Measuring Empowerment: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives (Trade and Development) (Trade and Development)

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Measuring Empowerment: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives (Trade and Development) (Trade and Development)

Manufacturer: World Bank Publications
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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Empowerment and Poverty Reduction: A Sourcebook (Directions in Development)
Making Globalization Work

ASIN: 0821360574

Book Description

Poverty reduction on a large scale depends on empowering those who are most motivated to move out of poverty—poor people themselves. But if empowerment cannot be measured, it will not be taken seriously in development policy making and programming.

Building on the award-winning Empowerment and Poverty Reduction sourcebook, this volume outlines a conceptual framework that can be used to monitor and evaluate programs centered on empowerment approaches. It presents the perspectives of 27 distinguished researchers and practitioners in economics, political science, sociology, psychology, anthropology, and demography, all of whom are grappling in different ways with the challenge of measuring empowerment. The authors draw from their research and experiences at different levels, from households to communities to nations, in various regions of the world.

Measuring Empowerment is an invaluable resource for planners, practitioners, evaluators, and students—indeed for all who are interested in approaches to poverty reduction that address issues of inequitable power relations.

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"Poverty reduction on a large scale depends on empowering those who are most motivated to move out of poverty-poor people themselves. But if empowerment cannot be measured, it will not be taken seriously in development policy making and programming. Building on the award-winning Empowerment and Poverty Reduction sourcebook, this volume outlines a conceptual framework that can be used to monitor and evaluate programs centered on empowerment approaches. It presents the perspectives of 27 distinguished researchers and practitioners in economics, political science, sociology, psychology, anthropology, and demography, all of whom are grappling in different ways with the challenge of measuring empowerment. The authors draw from their research and experiences at different levels, from households to communities to nations, in various regions of the world. Measuring Empowerment is an invaluable resource for planners, practitioners, evaluators, and students-indeed for all who are interested in approaches to poverty reduction that address issues of inequitable power relations. Note on cover: The picture of the woman in burqa is from the front page of a leading newspaper in India, the day after elections in the state of Mahashtra. The woman holds up her finger, marked by indelible ink to show that she has just voted and exercised her right and freedom to choose the leaders of her state of almost 100 million people."

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