Powder Handling and Electrostatics: Understanding and Preventing Hazards

Book Description

The subject of this manual is safe practice for avoiding electrostatic discharge hazards in the manufacturing and processing of chemical and plastic powders. It is written with the practicing engineer and plant technician in mind. Practical information to enhance the process safety is provided in straightforward terms. The manual describes the basic phenomena of powder electrostatics, giving special emphasis to polymer powders. The identified types of electrostatic discharges are discussed and explanations of the conditions that favor or inhibit each type are given. A number of industrial incidents where ESD-induced dust ignitions occurred are reviewed, with the authors contributing their own views on causes and preventive measures. The important quantitative measures of electrostatic hazards are identified, along with the methods needed to perform meaningful measurements. Concrete recommendations, based on the authors' experience, are provided in the form of a list of "Do's" and "Don'ts" applicable in the plant environment. Finally, appendices provide a wealth of useful background data plus an informative "Q and A" section covering practical engineering issues. This manual will be extremely useful to chemical plant engineers, operating and maintenance personnel, safety engineers, processing plant engineers, design engineers, and consultants, as well as persons in the chemical, pharmaceutical, plastic, and food handling industries.

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Sintering Theory and Practice
Randall M. German
Manufacturer: Wiley-Interscience
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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Particle Packing Characteristics

ASIN: 047105786X

Book Description

Although sintering is an essential process in the manufacture of ceramics and certain metals, as well as several other industrial operations, until now, no single book has treated both the background theory and the practical application of this complex and often delicate procedure. In Sintering Theory and Practice, leading researcher and materials engineer Randall M. German presents a comprehensive treatment of this subject that will be of great use to manufacturers and scientists alike.

This practical guide to sintering considers the fact that while the bonding process improves strength and other engineering properties of the compacted material, inappropriate methods of control may lead to cracking, distortion, and other defects. It provides a working knowledge of sintering, and shows how to avoid problems while accounting for variables such as particle size, maximum temperature, time at that temperature, and other problems that may cause changes in processing.

The book describes the fundamental atomic events that govern the transformation from particles to solid, covers all forms of the sintering process, and provides a summary of many actual production cycles. Building from the ground up, it begins with definitions and progresses to measurement techniques, easing the transition, especially for students, into advanced topics such as single-phase solid-state sintering, microstructure changes, the complications of mixed particles, and pressure-assisted sintering. German draws on some six thousand references to provide a coherent and lucid treatment of the subject, making scientific principles and practical applications accessible to both students and professionals. In the process, he also points out and avoids the pitfalls found in various competing theories, concepts, and mathematical disputes within the field.

A unique opportunity to discover what sintering is all about—both in theory and in practice

What is sintering? We see the end product of this thermal process all around us—in manufactured objects from metals, ceramics, polymers, and many compounds. From a vast professional literature, Sintering Theory and Practice emerges as the only comprehensive, systematic, and self-contained volume on the subject.

Covering all aspects of sintering as a processing topic, including materials, processes, theories, and the overall state of the art, the book

Offers numerous examples, illustrations, and tables that detail actual processing cycles, and that stress existing knowledge in the field
Uses the specifics of various consolidation cycles to illustrate the basics
Leads the reader from the fundamentals to advanced topics, without getting bogged down in various mathematical disputes over treatments and measurements
Supports the discussion with critically selected references from thousands of sources
Examines the sintering behavior of a wide variety of engineered materials—metals, alloys, oxide ceramics, composites, carbides, intermetallics, glasses, and polymers
Guides the reader through the sintering processes for several important industrial materials and demonstrates how to control these processes effectively and improve present techniques
Provides a helpful reference for specific information on materials, processing problems, and concepts

For practitioners and researchers in ceramics, powder metallurgy, and other areas, and for students and faculty in materials science and engineering, this book provides the know-how and understanding crucial to many industrial operations, offers many ideas for further research, and suggests future applications of this important technology.

Book Description

The age of nanotechnology is upon us. Engineering at the molecular level is no longer a computer-generated curiosity and is beginning to affect the lives of everyone. Molecules which can respond to their environment and the smart machines we can build with them are and will continue to be a vital part of this 21st-century revolution. Liming Dai presents the latest work on many newly-discovered intelligent macromolecular systems and reviews their uses in nano-devices.

Intelligent Macromolecules for Smart Devices features:

- An accessible assessment of the properties and materials chemistry of all the major classes of intelligent macromolecules from optoelectronic biomacromolecules to dendrimers, artificial opals and carbon nanotubes

- In-depth analysis of various smart devices including a critique of the suitability of different molecules for building each type of device

- A concise compilation of the practical applications of intelligent macromolecules including sensors and actuators, polymer batteries, carbon-nanotube supercapacitors, novel lasing species and photovoltaic cells

As an exposition of cutting-edge research against a backdrop of comprehensive review, Intelligent Macromolecules for Smart Devices will be an essential addition to the bookshelf of academic and industrial researchers in nanotechnology. Graduate and senior undergraduate students looking to make their mark in this field of the future will also find it most instructive.

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`The only book to deal with Molecules and Devices!'.......2005-08-14

According to the author, `Intelligent Macromolecules' are large molecules with capability to change their conformational structures and/or properties in response to an external stimulus. In this book, devices constructed from Intelligent Macromolecules are referred to as `Smart Devices'. Recently, many scientists and engineers investigate these devices, for example, Carbon Nanotube transistors, polymer LEDs, and DNA sensors.
Since the size of devises becomes as small as molecule, fundamentals of material science are required as well as engineering of device constructions. There is a gap between science and engineering to develop these devices. The purpose of `Intelligent Macromolecules for Smart Devices' by Liming Dai is to fill the gap by providing up to date summary of the field.
The text is divided into three major parts. The first part deals with fundamentals of macromolecules. The structures and Syntheses of Conducting Polymers, Stimuli-Responsible Polymers, Dendrimer and Fullerenes, and Carbon Nanotubes are described. The second part, which characterizes this book most, deals with Intelligent Macromolecules to Smart Devices. In this part, Oriented and Patterned Macromolecules and Nanostructure are revealed, which is necessary to construct Devices from Molecules. In the final part, a large number of Smart Devices, such as Electronic and Photonic device, Sensor and Sensor Arrays, Actuators and Nanomechanical devices are described.
I am strongly recommend this book all, in particular scientists and researchers interested in device application of polymers and device engineers interested in molecular structure and synthesis. I also recommend to students that begin to study in this field.

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It's pure gold.

Polymer Powder Technology

Manufacturer: Wiley
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0471938726

Book Description

Low shear polymer powder processing provides unique solutions to many processing problems and offers a set of production techniques, frequently un-paralleled by other production methods. In recent years there has been increased interest in this field but no comprehensive review of the subject has been available until now. In this book, a team of experts have taken the novel approach of treating several processing techniques, such as compacted powder sintering, rotational moulding, powder coating, ram extrusion, and compression moulding, as diverse implementations of a single technology. The first chapters deal with the scientific and engineering fundamentals shared by various polymer powder processing techniques, and are followed by a detailed examination of each technique and some special effects. Polymer Powder Technology will prove invaluable to technologists, plastics and materials engineers, researchers and students working with various aspects of particulate polymer processing.

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It's pure gold........2004-10-16

This book was picked up at my University library more as a curiosity than anything. It has since become the bible and provides me with all the information I need on polymers for my materials and process research. I was shocked to see Amazon selling it for US$400+

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Solid-State Shear Pulverization
Klementina Khait , Stephen H. Carr , and Martin H. Mack
Manufacturer: CRC
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Loose Leaf

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ASIN: 1566768039

Book Description

Solid-State Shear Pulverization is an innovative process that produces polymeric powders with unique physical properties not found in the output of conventional size-reduction methods. This technology has profound implications for both the creation of new polymer blends and recycling of plastic and rubber waste. Illustrated with 60 photographs, micrographs, diagrams and other figures this book takes an extended look at this new and multifaceted polymer processing technology. It illustrates different processed materials, as well as the machinery and mixed waste used. More than 60 tables provide useful data in convenient form.

Ambient temperature compaction of polycarbonate powder.: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science

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Ambient temperature compaction of polycarbonate powder.: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science
Linda W. Vick , and Ronald G. Kander
Manufacturer: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

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Book Description

This digital document is an article from Polymer Engineering and Science, published by Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. on January 1, 1997. The length of the article is 3906 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: Solid-state processing of polymer powders through compaction and sintering has potential advantages over conventional polymer processing methods; however, pressureless sintering of compacted polymer powders has often been unsuccessful. Room temperature compaction of polycarbonate (PC) powder was studied in an effort to better understand the fundamental mechanisms that control polymer compaction and sintering. It was found that differences in the degree of physical aging affect the compaction behavior of PC powder. The results presented in this paper show that the degree of physical aging of thermoplastic polymer powders, which can be influenced by commonly used powder handling operations such as drying and long term storage, can ultimately affect the ability of the powder to be successfully compacted at room temperature.

Citation Details
Title: Ambient temperature compaction of polycarbonate powder.
Author: Linda W. Vick
Publication: Polymer Engineering and Science (Refereed)
Date: January 1, 1997
Publisher: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
Volume: v37 Issue: n1 Page: p120(8)

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Effect of ground fluororubber vulcanizate powder on the properties of fluororubber compound.: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science

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Effect of ground fluororubber vulcanizate powder on the properties of fluororubber compound.: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science
Arun Ghosh , A.K. Bhattacharya , A.K. Bhowmick , and S.K. De
Manufacturer: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

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Book Description

This digital document is an article from Polymer Engineering and Science, published by Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. on February 1, 2003. The length of the article is 6780 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: Fluororubber vulcanizate powder (FVP) obtained from fluororubber based on tetrafluoroethylene/propylene/vinylidene fluoride terpolymer by mechanical grinding exists in a highly aggregated chain-like structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy studies show that there are no chemical changes on the rubber surface following mechanical grinding of the fluororubber vulcanizate after heat aging at 200[degrees]C for 10 days. The incorporation of FVP as a filler in the fluororubber compound results in a marginal increase of Mooney viscosity, Mooney scorch time and shear viscosity. While tensile strength, modulus and hardness marginally increase on addition of FVP into the fluororubber compound, tear strength decreases. Rheometric studies show that FVP alone is susceptible to further crosslinking in the presence of a curing agent. Dynamic mechanical spectra reveal that the glass to rubber transition temperature shifts higher by the addition of FVP into the fluororubber compound. At omic force microscopy (AFM) images show uniform dispersion of FVP particles into the rubber matrix.

Citation Details
Title: Effect of ground fluororubber vulcanizate powder on the properties of fluororubber compound.
Author: Arun Ghosh
Publication: Polymer Engineering and Science (Refereed)
Date: February 1, 2003
Publisher: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
Volume: 43 Issue: 2 Page: 267(12)

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The effects of powder morphology on the processing of auxetic polypropylene (PP of negative Poisson's ratio).: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science

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The effects of powder morphology on the processing of auxetic polypropylene (PP of negative Poisson's ratio).: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science
A.P. Pickles , K.L. Alderson , and K.E. Evans
Manufacturer: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

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Book Description

This digital document is an article from Polymer Engineering and Science, published by Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. on March 15, 1996. The length of the article is 5055 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: With the use of a three-stage thermal processing route, similar to that used previously for the production of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene possessing a negative Poisson's ratio (i.e. displaying auxetic behavior), an auxetic form of polyethylene has been fabricated. The polypropylene is processed by the compaction, sintering, and extrusion of a powder. The importance of powder morphology on the ability of polypropylene to achieve auxetic behavior has been examined, revealing that particle shape, size, and surface roughness are critical variables for successful processing. Negative Poisson's ratios of up to -0.22 at 1.6% strain have been obtained. The data have been successfully interpreted by use of a simple geometric model based on the polymer microstructure. These suggest that, by further optimizing the processing conditions, much larger negative Poisson's ratios should be achievable.

Citation Details
Title: The effects of powder morphology on the processing of auxetic polypropylene (PP of negative Poisson's ratio).
Author: A.P. Pickles
Publication: Polymer Engineering and Science (Refereed)
Date: March 15, 1996
Publisher: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
Volume: v36 Issue: n5 Page: p636(7)

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Experimental study on the flow and deposition of powder particles in rotational molding.: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science

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Experimental study on the flow and deposition of powder particles in rotational molding.: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science
J. Olinek , C. Anand , and C.T. Bellehumeur
Manufacturer: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

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Book Description

This digital document is an article from Polymer Engineering and Science, published by Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. on January 1, 2005. The length of the article is 6121 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: The nature of powder flow and its effect on particle deposition in rotationally molded parts were considered in this work. Experiments were carried out to observe the effects of various parameters, such as particle characteristics and operating conditions, on the deposition patterns of polyethylene powders and micropellets. The results indicate that the polymeric powders were cohesive enough to prevent size segregation at ambient temperature; however, segregation occurred when particles that had a smooth surface and regular shape were used. During processing, however, a new phenomenon of reverse cohesive segregation was observed. The results showed that the final deposition patterns are controlled primarily by the initial segregation patterns, as well as by the heating rate and rotation speed, which affect the evolution of adhesive forces between particles during heating and melt deposition process. An order-of-magnitude analysis was conducted to evaluate the development of cohesive forces between particles, and to estimate their effects on the movement of particles. This study provides a better understanding of the flow characteristics of polymer particles during the rotational molding process, which is very important in the development of techniques for fabricating composites and multilayered products. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 45:62-73, 2005. [c] 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers

Citation Details
Title: Experimental study on the flow and deposition of powder particles in rotational molding.
Author: J. Olinek
Publication: Polymer Engineering and Science (Refereed)
Date: January 1, 2005
Publisher: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
Volume: 45 Issue: 1 Page: 62(12)

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Finite element analysis modeling of powder injection molding filling process including yield stress and slip phenomena.: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science

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Finite element analysis modeling of powder injection molding filling process including yield stress and slip phenomena.: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science
T.H. Kwon , and J.B. Park
Manufacturer: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

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Book Description

This digital document is an article from Polymer Engineering and Science, published by Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. on May 15, 1995. The length of the article is 6891 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: For a science-based design of the Powder Injection Molding (PIM) process, it would be desirable for designers to have a numerical analysis tool capable of predicting the PIM filling process as a design aid. In this regard, the present study is aimed at developing a numerical analysis system to simulate the PIM filling process based on a new physical modeling taking into account rheological characteristics of powder/binder mixtures, namely the yield stress and the apparent slip phenomena. In particular, two different slip models were employed to represent the apparent slip phenomena. In accordance with the new physical modeling, the numerical simulation of the PIM filling process was accomplished by combining a finite element method and a finite difference method. It was found that the slip layer plays a role of not only a lubricating layer but also a thermal insulation layer. In this aspect, the slip layer model seems to represent the apparent slip phenomena better than the slip velocity model with regard to both the momentum and the thermal transport phenomena. The present paper presents the physical modeling, numerical scheme, and some numerical analysis results showing the effect of the yield stress and slip phenomena.

Citation Details
Title: Finite element analysis modeling of powder injection molding filling process including yield stress and slip phenomena.
Author: T.H. Kwon
Publication: Polymer Engineering and Science (Refereed)
Date: May 15, 1995
Publisher: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
Volume: v35 Issue: n9 Page: p741(13)

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