Book Description
Ordinary foams such as the head of a glass of beer and more exotic ones such as solid metallic foams raise many questions for the physicist and have attracted a substantial research community in recent years. The present book describes the results of extensive experiments, computer simulations, and theories in an authoritative yet informal style, making ample use of illustrations and photographs. As an introduction to the whole field of the physics of foams it puts a strong emphasis on liquids while also including solid foams. Simple, idealized models are adopted and their consequences explored. Specific topics include: structure, drainage, rheology, conductivity, and coarsening. A minimum of mathematics is used. Theory and experiment are described together at every stage. A guide to further reading is provided through carefully selected references. This is a complete and coherent introduction to the subject which no other modern text currently offers.
Amazon.com
A poet might ask for a more exalted image of the cosmos, but physicist Sidney Perkowitz--evidently a committed java junkie as well as a patient explainer of difficult scientific concepts--is quite happy to suggest that the universe resembles a piping-hot cup of milk-laced coffee. It is, he writes, a mixture of solids, liquids, and gases, along with something that partakes of all these states of matter but is different from them as well--namely, foam.
"Foam," writes Perkowitz, "is a surprisingly intricate formation that has impact on astronomy, biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics"--and that can be only partially explained within the bounds of any one of those fields, requiring a host of disciplines to describe it properly. The foam of the sea, for instance, has extraordinarily complex properties that influence, among other things, global weather systems--and that, if harnessed, may one day yield that magical source of inexhaustibly renewable, inexpensive energy that scientists have long sought. Foam permeates and underlies the cosmos, from subatomic bits of "quantum foam" that "stir up the fundamental shape of the world" to the air-riddled magma that bubbles below planetary surfaces and the foamlike cancellous bones that bear the weight of so many animals, humans included.
You've heard of chaos theory, of butterflies that flap their wings and produce hurricanes. Perkowitz provides an endlessly entertaining introduction to foam theory, a book of popular science to enjoy with an appropriately frothy beverage close at hand. --Gregory McNamee
Book Description
If you think foam is just the froth on your cappuccino or the top of a wave, think again. Foam has implications far beyond the commonplace: It has surprisingly intricate properties that engage scientists around the world. In Universal Foam, physicist and writer Sidney Perkowitz connects the ordinary properties of foam to its deeper scientific meanings. From ocean foam that influences weather around the world, to the revolutionary medicated foam, fibrin sealant, which controls bleeding in trauma victims, to the extraordinary aerogel which will be sprayed into the tail of a comet in 2004 to capture particles and return them to Earth, Perkowitz tells a surprising story of the importance and fascination of foam. Along the way, he explains the origin of the polystyrene peanuts that fill our packages and landfills, and shows the secret of cooking a great souffl and making a perfect cappuccino. Like foam itself, Perkowitz's writing is grounded in serious science, yet effervescent and a delight to the senses. After reading this highly original book, you will never again look at a wave or a galaxy in the same way.
Customer Reviews:
delightful, wide-ranging foray into science.......2003-04-29
This book was delightful, I learned so much from it. Sidney Perkowitz took a subject a seemingly laughable subject and made it fascinating.
The first section lays down the basics of foam. There is far more than just three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - and foam is a important type of "soft matter," a substance that is neither rigid like a solid nor completely free flowing like a liquid, and generally contains large amounts of a gas. Perkowitz points out simple observable facts about foams, that in their simplest definitions they are generally bubbles of gas distributed throughout a liquid or a solid; that liquid foams tend to be white, are usually short-lived, and move differently than either a pure gas or a pure liquid; and that foams within solids usually start out as liquid foams. The geometry of the bubbles within foam is discussed as well, with reference to a set of universal laws, Plateau's rules, devised by the 19th-century Belgian physicist Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau. Vital to an understanding of the physics and geometry of foam are knowledge of surface tension, the minimumizing principle, and surfactants (an acronym for surface-active agent), all of which Perkowitz discusses with clarity and precision.
Chapter two goes into the tools used to examine foams. Over the years the methods of studying foam have ranged from cells made from transparent glass half an inch wide to much more complex methods such as diffusing-wave spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging with computer simulations playing a role of increasing importance.
Next we get to examine edible foam, my favorite. Foam is found in a variety of foods, from mousse (French for "foam") to meringue (which we learn was invented by the Swiss chef Gasparini in 1720 and named after his hometown of Meringen) to bread and beer, all of which are highly reliant upon foam in their formation. We find that the study of foam in a head of beer is a much a science as it is an art, which the brewing industry has done research into, determining what type of glass is the best and on the importance of the foam to beer drinkers. Even more research goes into the foam in crema, important to lovers of espresso. Perkowitz analyses the art and science of foam in cappuccino (where the type, brand, and temperature of the milk are critical), whipped cream (we learn that aerosol whipped creams are propelled by nitrous oxide or laughing gas), carbonated soft drinks (arising originally from drinks believed to have medicinal value), champagne, and that ultimate expression of edible foam, the soufflé (from the French verb souffler, which translates into "to blow or to puff").
The fourth chapter looks at practical foam, from cork to aerogel to shaving cream. We first look at natural foams that have daily value, such as pumice (foamy volcanic rock), sponges, and cork (where we learn why cork is both a great insulator against heat, why it is great in sound proofing, and why it has been used by wine producers for so long). Plastics, particularly foamed plastics, are analyzed in great detail, from their formation and chemistry to their many uses (and disposal of in landfills as well). Perkowitz looks at foamed plastic in everything from packing peanuts to Styrofoam cups to insulation for the space shuttle to bizarre furniture. Fascinating was his description of aerogel, so-called "frozen smoke," a ghostly substance as much as 98 percent or more air, an ounce of which contains the area of several football fields. Difficult to manufacture, we learn about its uses particularly in the space program. Liquid foams are also discussed, from shaving cream (which shares some similarities to whipped cream) to foam used in fire-fighting or in oil drilling. Foamed metal, another high-tech product, is also looked at.
Chapter five looks at "living foam," foam that is found in the world of nature. He describes a single cell as resembling a fluid-filled bubble, which crowd together like foam to form the parts of complex organisms. An understanding of foam has been crucial in the study of cells, body tissues, cell division, and reproduction. Foam, in solid form, gives many bones both strength and light weight. Foams are quite common in animal reproduction and in parental behavior, from frogs to insects to fish to even quail. Foams are also important in medicine, from the days when carbonated water was thought to have value to today when they are important in ultrasound therapy, in birth control, and - negatively - in some ailments such as the bends and altitude sickness, which he writes "has been called a disease of bubbles," as well as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.
Chapter six looks at foam in meteorology and geology, from pumice, which reveals important information on the subsurface geologic actions of the earth, to sea foam, an understanding of which is important in climatology and an accurate understanding of storms and waves.
The book closes with a look at "cosmic" foam, which exists as part of the very bedrock of the universe in which we live, both at the level of the incredibly small and the incredibly huge. At the smallest possible level of analyses, at the quantum level of subatomic particles, the very space-time continuum is possibly made up of something known as quantum foam. Perkowitz brings into the discussion the research of Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking, and Max Planck among others. On the larger side of the equation foam describes in a startling way the distribution of galaxies throughout the universe. The very galaxies themselves appear to be distributed in a foam-like pattern, the universe a vast series of cosmic bubbles, the film of which is made up of galaxies which enclose a volume of space up to 200 million light-years that is virtually void of galaxies. This finding has profound implications for the origin of the universe and for the Big Bang.
I highly recommend this book.
Blends science with a cultural overview.......2001-02-14
Universal Foam blends science with a cultural overview and history of the physical world, from the simple soap bubble to the history of foam science. It's unusual to find a book devoted to foam science alone: this has a surprising amount of facts packed into a review of how foam operates.
Expansive Breadth, Shallow Depth.......2000-12-08
This book is both less and more than I expected.
It will disappoint the sophisticated science-literate reader who is seeking details about the physics, chemistry, and geometry of foams. It is tantalizingly sketchy in this regard and fails to probe its titular topic at the level of, say, an article in Scientific American magazine. For example, Perkowitz extols the wonders of the shaving cream nozzle without actually describing how it works. The author takes us on a whirlwind grand tour of modern science, with a few short detours into history, glimpsing the facades of many areas of science but never setting foot within the edifices. Depending on your pre-existing familiarity with general science, you might find it totally fascinating or merely a tedious rehash of familiar topics.
The purported common thread--foamy structure in all physical domains--is a little disingenuous, often serving as a far-fetched excuse to introduce a seemingly irrelevant topic. For example Perkowitz touches on the subject of black holes by describing them as space-time "bubbles," in reality having nothing to do with foam per se.
It is sparsely illustrated with just a handful of photos and only a couple of diagrams. The hundred or so bibliographic references are likewise a mixed bag of old and new, general and technical.
Still, all readers are bound to learn something useful, even if parceled out as small nuggets of science trivia. Competently written and a commendable achievement in scope if not detail.
Review of "Universal Foam ..." by Dr. Sidney Perkowitz.......2000-09-13
In his newest book, "Universal Foam: From Cappuccino to the Cosmos", Dr. Sidney Perkowitz has, simply and personally, uncovered mysteries that permeate our universe, most of which we were subliminally aware, but always took for granted. Now, he has opened the door for us to seek additional uses for these ever present phenomena. Perkowitz shows us, all ages included, how these simple, usual things, such as foam, can be put to many extraordinary uses. We need more observant science writers to jump start our young people into thinking about their everyday surroundings in greater depth. His present writing is on par with his exciting 1998 paperback, "Empire of Light". Perkowitz presents his ideas in such a clear manner that you can see simple substances materialize into the most intricate technological advances. It is awe inspiring to see the world of physics unfolding before your eyes.
Amazon.com
What are little physicists made of? Geons, Black Holes & Quantum Foam, in John Wheeler's science autobiography. To the rest of us, getting excited over the properties of atomic nuclei and the forces that hold invisible particles together may seem eccentric, to say the least. But physicists hold the secrets of the universe in their heads, and they have a special place in human history. Einstein, Bohr, Fermi, Oppenheimer--their names are inextricably linked with the mysteries of the atom. Wheeler, among the most creative physicists of our time, tackled questions related to the nature of space, time, and gravity alongside his more well known colleagues. Renowned as a teacher, Wheeler worked with student Richard Feynman to imagine a subatomic world where particles move backward in time. With fellow physicist and former student Ken Ford, Wheeler has crafted an engaging look at the eye of the 20th-century physics hurricane. There's a lot of physics in this book, which may put off those shy of its terminology and abstractions, but the stories and photographs of the men and women who know the atom will help readers see the humanity in science, and the warmth and passion of its practitioners. This is a remarkable history of one man's part in revealing the underlying nature of everything. --Therese Littleton
Book Description
He studied with Niels Bohr, taught Richard Feynman, and boned up on relativity with his friend and colleague Albert Einstein. John Archibald Wheeler's fascinating life brings us face to face with the central characters and discoveries of modern physics. He was the first American to learn of the discovery of nuclear fission, coined the term "black hole," led a renaissance in gravitation physics, and helped to build Princeton University into a mecca for physicists. From nuclear physics to quantum theory to relativity and gravitation, Wheeler's work has set the trajectory of research for half a century. His career has brought him into contact with the most brilliant minds of his field; Fermi, Bethe, Rabi, Teller, Oppenheimer, and Wigner are among those he's called colleague and friend. In this rich autobiography, Wheeler reveals in colorful detail the excitement of each discovery, the character of each colleague, and the underlying passion for knowledge that drives him still.
Customer Reviews:
The invention of the Wheeler.......2006-09-12
Physicists often compare themselves to blind men feeling an elephant -- each guessing at the nature of the beast by describing the small part that they can touch. If true, then no man has come closer to feeling the Whole Elephant than John Archibald Wheeler. Wheeler's energetic career touched virtually every significant modern physicist -- Bohr, Fermi, Einstein, Teller, Oppenheimer, Feynman and many others -- a dazzling list that includes the most luminous minds of the last century. Wheeler may have missed winning a Nobel prize only because he was willing to sacrifice the best slice of his career to secretly help develop the fission and later fusion bombs for America. After leaving what he calls the "everything is particles" phase of his career, Wheeler entered "everything is fields" -- inventing the term "black hole" and describing the properties of these amazing objects long before anybody else ever took them seriously. Some ideas such as "geons" -- self sustained loops of light held together by their own gravitational attraction -- may still await discovery. Finally, in "everything is information" he explores ways in which information theory may be the most underlying unifying principle of reality. Part biography, part history and part speculation, this rambling story portrays a uniquely American explorer on a voyage through the amazing landscape of 20th century physics. The book is packed with photographs and profiles of the world's smartest men, fascinating anecdotes and meticulous historical details -- and shows that even at the age of 87, John Wheeler can still get excited talking about the unsolved mysteries that pervade our universe.
--Auralgo
Excellent autobiography.......2004-05-05
This is really a wonderful scientific biography. Wheeler has an engaging, easy-going style that doesn't sacrifice detail and scholarly accuracy for readibility. It's almost like having a fireside chat with the great physicist about the entire history of 20th century physics. Wheeler's career spanned almost the entire 20th century and he worked in many areas, from atomic and radiation physics to nuclear physics, quantum theory, black holes and gravitation. He even made a brief foray into sociology when he attended a conference and spoke on "National Survival and Human Development," in which he emphasized the importance of a country developing the full capabilities of all citizens.
In addition to learning about his own distinguished career, you meet just about every other important physicist and/or mathematician or had anything to do with physics (such as Carson Mark, who I didn't know about before, who Wheeler spoke highly of), and his account is full of interesting personal details about famous and non-famous physicists alike. Wheeler met or knew other great scientists like Einstein, Niels Bohr, Richard Feynman, Hans Bethe, Oppenheimer, Stanislaw Ulam, John von Neumann, Enrico Fermi, Ernest Lawrence, Isidore Rabi, Leo Szilard, Carl Bohm, and many others too numerous to mention.
In addition to the above famous names, I also learned something about many other names, both famous and not so famous, that I didn't know much about before, and Wheeler often briefly mentions what each scientist's contribution was about, especially when it influenced his own thinking.
Wheeler provides some important insights about himself. For example, he commented on how much of his own productivity was due to the deadlines and time pressure he was under most of his career. Many of us have the impression that brilliant minds like Wheeler (much of it fostered by the public's stereotype of Einstein) create their amazing intellectual achievements in a world divorced from reality and the mundane aspects of everyday life, but Wheeler says that it was often all the deadlines he had to meet that was responsible for much of his best work. He was always having to meet deadlines for papers, class lectures, various reports, talks he was invited to give, and so on throughout the course of his career, and he said he was often spurred to work harder because of them, and often did his best work under the pressure of having to prepare a lecture or talk at the last minute.
Overall, this is a very enjoyable, readable, and interesting biography about one of the great scientists of our time.
By the way, just a personal note here. I'm not a physicist myself (actually, I'm a neurobiologist by training), but I'm the grand-nephew of physicist Ernest Lawrence, who won the 1939 Nobel prize for his invention of the first atom smasher or cyclotron, and who Wheeler met briefly when he was considering a move from Princeton to U.C. Berkeley.
Physics aside.......2002-12-03
The physics is fine but this is an autobiography. What kind of a man is Wheeler? I got the impression he spent as much time avoiding offending anybody important as he did on physics. He sounds like an amiable sycophant.
Remarkable scientist, admirable man.......2001-02-09
Having noticed over the years that Prof. John Archibald Wheeler's name turns up in an amazing variety of physics-related articles and anecdotes, I was particularly primed to read his autobiography. The book doesn't follow a simple from-birth chronology, but rather begins with Wheeler teaching at Princeton and volunteering to meet the ship carrying his mentor, Niels Bohr, at a New York City dock in January of 1939. From that pivotal moment at the brink of World War II, Wheeler fills out his story by reaching back to childhood and forward to his long career in teaching, research, and national service. We learn of his brother Joe, whose body lay in a foxhole on an Italian hillside until it was reduced to bones. Wheeler reminds us that if the Manhattan Project had geared up one year earlier, the lives of his brother and many others might have been spared.
Wheeler's remarkable character pervades the book and helps make it unique and interesting. In a profession legendary for strong intellects and egos, he has achieved and maintained a pomposity coefficient of zero. His judgments of other people are unfailingly generous, but also astute enough to be interesting and revealing. He provides candid firsthand impressions of legendary figures such as Bohr, Einstein, Oppenheimer, Teller, Ulam, Heisenberg, Fermi, Szilard and Feynman . We also learn about many less well-known colleagues, friends and students whom he finds memorable for various reasons. In contrast to the eminent-scientist stereotype, Wheeler has always enjoyed teaching undergraduates and is genuinely interested in the problems and aspirations of the young people entrusted to his care.
Like the brilliant George Gamow, Wheeler has a talent for explaining difficult concepts and illustrating them with whimsically inventive diagrams. The book's autobiographical threads are interwoven with a rich tapestry of subtle but plainly-spoken physical insights on dozens of topics, some arcane enough to leave even the author slightly bemused. I believe anyone interested in physics will find a personal revelation or two among Wheeler's lucid, informal scientific explanations. There are touches of Gamowesque humor too, such as his theory that the fates somehow conspired to entangle him with a string of Hungarian emigres.
The title concepts of the book -- Geons, Black Holes and Quantum Foam -- were all named by Wheeler himself. He began his career at the minute scale of particle physics, moved on to the grand sweep of relativistic cosmology, and finally circled back to the hyperminuteness of quantum foam. Of course there is nothing really disjointed about such a journey, since connections among the nested scales of nature constitute one of the grand unifying themes of physics.
A wonderful book on the life of an influential physicist.......2000-02-27
During his tenure at Princeton university, John Archibald Wheeler has served as the mentor to such outstanding physicists as Richard P. Feynman, Kip Thorne and Hugh Everett. He was also great friends with such individuals as Albert Einstein & Niels Bohr. In short, his contributions to physics have been indispensable.
This present work of his traces his life, a life that is (as the cover says) one of science. However, one of the nice facets of this book is that it goes beyond just the laboratory & reveals the personal life of this great man. We learn of the moving death of his brother in WWII, his worries and concerns over nuclear war (as well as the grapples with his conscience that he endured over the invention of the hydrogen bomb) and many other aspects of his life. He also tells stories of some of his most memorable students; not all of these were necessarily his most gifted pupils. Above all, Wheeler reveals a genuine human passion that has characterized his approach to science over the greater part of this century. One of the best biographies of a scientist I have ever read.
Book Description
Physicist Sidney Perkowitz, whom the Washington Post calls "a gloriously lucid science writer," exposes the full dimensions of foam in our lives, from cappuccino to the cosmos.
Foam affects the taste of beer, makes shaving easier, insulates take-out coffee cups and NASA space shuttles, controls bleeding in trauma victims, aids in drilling for oil, and captures dust particles from comets. The foam of ocean whitecaps affects Earth's climate, and astronomers believe the billions of galaxies that make up the universe rest on surfaces of immense bubbles within a gargantuan foam. From the cultural uses of foam to the cutting edge of foam research in cosmology and quantum mechanics, Perkowitz's investigations will delight readers of Henry Petroski, James Gleick and Michio Kaku.
Customer Reviews:
A most interesting and engaging science topic.......2005-11-10
Foam is something literally all around us (and in us). It's noteworthy that HS or college science courses rarely discuss foam -- this is simultaneously cutting-edge and highly accessible science.
I found this book because I was fascinated by foaming soaps -- like the "Kiss My Face" brand of hand-pump soap dispensers. Foaming soaps take about 10% of liquid soap to wash your hands. They seem to take less water and less time to clean your hands. And I noticed that the soaps were able to get my eyeglasses squeaky-clean very quickly.
"Universal Foam" explains these phenomena well. It also has many different examples of foam in our everyday lives: bread, souffles, pumice, cork, champagne, etc. The book then explores smaller foams: viruses, quantum foams, etc. It also explores large foams: the distribution of galaxies in the universe. I suppose that one could skip these chapters, however, I suspect that people will find such topics far more interesting and accessible because they all have a common theme of foam. To say this differently, this book is a foam-centric survey of the physics of the universe.
People who are already interested in science in general will love this book. I guarantee they will learn new things. In particular, the resiliency -- the non-hookian nature -- of foam is a very important concept to understand.
For people who are nurturing/developing their curiousity of science, this is a safe book to start with. Perkowitz clearly loves science, and anybody reading this book will pick up on his passion.
I love books like this; they have us look at the world in new ways. This book is on my recommended list to bodyworkers to understand their craft -- and the world -- better.
Foam is everywhere!.......2005-04-01
I bought this book out of curiosity. But I have to tell you that this book is fascinating. If you only considered foam when you had a cup of cappuccino or whipped up some egg white. - Then think again. It is everywhere- it ranges are limitless, as limitless as the universe. So consider foam when you think of beer, bubbles, cells and viruses, in medicine, the earth itself (volcanoes, oceans, etc.), and how about poisons, and lets not forget artificial intelligence and the quantum.
![Foams ([Applied physics and engineering] 10)](http://www.germanelectronics88.com/noimage.gif)
Average customer rating:
|
Foams ([Applied physics and engineering] 10)
Jacob Joseph Bikerman
Manufacturer: Springer-Verlag
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Unknown Binding
 General & Reference
| Chemistry
| Professional Science
| Professional & Technical
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Physical & Theoretical
| Chemistry
| Science
| Subjects
| Books
ASIN: 0387061088 |
Average customer rating:
- A century of work on this problem
|
The Kelvin Problem: Foam Structures of Minimal Surface Area
Manufacturer: CRC
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Library Binding
General
| Materials Science
| Engineering
| Professional & Technical
| Subjects
| Books
Analytic Geometry
| Geometry & Topology
| Mathematics
| Professional Science
| Professional & Technical
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Physics
| Professional Science
| Professional & Technical
| Subjects
| Books
Mathematical Physics
| Physics
| Professional Science
| Professional & Technical
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Science
| Subjects
| Books
Analytic Geometry
| Geometry & Topology
| Mathematics
| Science
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Physics
| Science
| Subjects
| Books
Mathematical Physics
| Physics
| Science
| Subjects
| Books
ASIN: 0748406328 |
Book Description
In 1887, Kelvin posed one of the most discussed scientific questions of the last 100 years - the problem of the division of three-dimensional space into cells of equal volume with minimal area. It has interested mathematicians, physical scientists and biologists ever since and the problem has scientific relevance to foams, emulsions and many other kinds of cells. In the 1990s, a more complex structure was discovered by Robert Phelan and Denis Weaire and it remains the best yet found. This text assesses the various merits of Kelvin's structure and of that discovered by Weaire and Phelan. It also looks at the problem of proof that Weaire's structure having minimal area remains open.
Customer Reviews:
A century of work on this problem.......2004-04-16
William Kelvin is mostly remembered today for the attachment of his name to the absolute temperature scale, in recognition of his original work on low temperature research in the late 19th century.
But during his long career, he investigated many other outstanding problems of the time. One such problem is the subject of this book. The editors chose Kelvin's pioneering paper to kick off the book. They then summarised over a century's effort by selecting papers by other prominent scientists tackling the issue.
The book is good for a historical perspective. Though undoubtedly some will be attracted mainly by Kelvin's work.
Book Description
This digital document is an article from Polymer Engineering and Science, published by Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. on October 15, 1996. The length of the article is 8056 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.
From the author: Microcellular polyurethane foams are generated through phase separation, which is induced by reaction-induced crosslinking or by a pressure quench. The phase separation conditions are shown to impact the microstructure of the foams. Pore growth will occur through two mechanisms: diffusion of C[O.sub.2] from polymer-rich regions into the pores and also through C[O.sub.2] gas expansion (boiling of liquid C[O.sub.2] at reduced pressure). Higher C[O.sub.2] pressures for polymerization (hence, higher fluid density) provide more C[O.sub.2] molecules for foaming, generate lower interfacial tension and viscosity in the polymer matrix, and thus produce higher cell densities. Increasing the functionality of the polyurethane precursors increases the [T.sub.g] of the polymer network and leads to smaller cell diameters by raising the vitrification pressure and allowing less time for C[O.sub.2] gas expansion to play a role in cell growth. Higher reaction temperatures result in an increase in bulk density as the cell density remains invariant and the cell size drops. The use of the more polar fluoroform as a foaming agent results in larger cells, as it is able to plasticize the polymer network and allow for gas expansion during depressurization. A constant composition method of pressure quench results in smaller cell diameters.
Citation Details
Title: Foam formation and characterization.(Generation of Microcellular Polyurethane Foams via Polymerization in Carbon Dioxide, part 2)
Author: Kristen L. Parks
Publication:
Polymer Engineering and Science (Refereed)
Date: October 15, 1996
Publisher: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
Volume: v36
Issue: n19
Page: p2417(15)
Distributed by Thomson Gale
Average customer rating:
|
Geons, Black Holes and Quantum Foam: a Life in Physics.(Review): An article from: American Scientist
Chris Impey
Manufacturer: Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital
Nonfiction
| Subjects
| Books
| Automotive
| Books on CD
| Books on Cassette
| Crime & Criminals
| Current Events
| Economics
| Education
| Foreign Language Nonfiction
| Government
| Holidays
| Law
| Philosophy
| Politics
| Social Sciences
| Transportation
| True Accounts
| Urban Planning & Development
| Women's Studies
General
| Science
| Subjects
| Books
Science & Technology
| Subjects
| e-Docs
| Formats
| Books
General
| Nonfiction
| HTML
| Formats
| e-Docs
| Formats
| Books
Science
| HTML
| Formats
| e-Docs
| Formats
| Books
ASIN: B00098MT02
Release Date: 2005-07-28 |
Book Description
This digital document is an article from Polymer Engineering and Science, published by Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. on May 1, 1999. The length of the article is 3027 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.
From the author: The characterization of the cellular structure of plastic foams has long been of importance to investigate their physical properties. We have been developing an instrument that measures the orientation of seat materials based on their dielectric anisotropy. It is demonstrated by electromagnetic theory that composite materials with an island-sea structure show a macroscopic anisotropy of dielectric constant because of the shape of islands, even if both the islands and sea are dielectrically isotropic themselves. The orientation based on the dielectric anisotropy caused by the shape of cells was investigated for the polystyrene by using our microwave cavity resonator method. From this data, a better manufacturing condition to minimize the thermal shrinkage was derived. The manufacturing condition was taken as extrusion rate, foaming temperature and die gap. The shape of cells of polystyrene foams was estimated using the derived equations, which express the maximum and minimum dielectric constant of whole composite materials as a function of the eccentricity of their ellipsoidal islands and the volume fraction and the dielectric constant of each material in the islands-sea structure.
Citation Details
Title: A new method for estimating the cellular structure of plastic foams based on dielectric anisotropy.
Author: Shinichi Nagata
Publication:
Polymer Engineering and Science (Refereed)
Date: May 1, 1999
Publisher: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
Volume: 39
Issue: 5
Page: 896(9)
Distributed by Thomson Gale
Books:
- The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality
- The Volatility Surface: A Practitioner's Guide (Wiley Finance)
- Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, 2nd Edition
- Thermodynamics and Kinetics for the Biological Sciences
- Thermodynamics and Kinetics for the Biological Sciences
- Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, and Kinetics
- Water Treatment: Principles and Design
- World of Carbon
- A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing, Second Edition (Wavelet Analysis & Its Applications)
- Acid-Base, Fluids, and Electrolytes Made Ridiculously Simple (MedMaster Series)
Books Index
Books Home
Recommended Books
- The Stamp of Impulse: Abstract Expressionist Prints
- Ships of the Line
- Poirot Investigates: Eleven Complete Mysteries
- Myself My Enemy
- Land Development Handbook
- Organic Chemistry
- Silent Warriors of World War II: The Alamo Scouts Behind the Japanese Lines
- 1-8oo-Ziggy
- Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela
- Lichens of the Alaskan arctic slope
Universal Foam: Exploring the Science of Nature's Most Mysterious Substance
Soap Bubbles (Dover Science Books)
Universal Foam: From Cappuccino to the Cosmos
The Science of Soap Films and Soap Bubbles
Transport Phenomena
