Oxygen

Book Description

What motivates a scientist? One key factor is the pressure from the competition to be the first to discover something new. The moral consequences of this are the subject of the play "Oxygen", dealing with the discovery of this all-important element. The focus of the play is on chemical and political revolutions, as well as the Nobel Prize, which will be awarded for the 100th time in 2001. The action takes place in 1777 and 2001; and the play is written for 3 actors and 3 actresses who play a total of 11 characters. The world premiere will take place in early 2001 in San Diego, and the German premiere in September.
The world-famous authors Carl Djerassi and Roald Hoffmann are a guarantee of excellence and suspense, both in their role as scientists -- Carl Djerassi is known as the "Father of the Pill" while Roald Hoffmann received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1982 - as well as in their role as authors -- Djerassi has written several successful novels, while Hoffmann is renowned for his poetry.

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A Breath of Fresh Air.......2001-05-04

Science is exploration, both systematic and creative, and as such, it is an activity innate to humans.

"Oxygen" offers an insider's glimpse into two facets of science often shrouded in mystery, but filled with expressions of human splendor--and folly: the struggle for recognition of ones scientific discoveries and the awarding of a Nobel Prize for discoveries deemed singularly important.

The playwrights, Carl Djerassi and Roald Hoffmann, have each contributed their own singular scientific discoveries and literary creations to the world. They use the occasion of the centenary of the Nobel Prizes to mirror fictional experiences involving the historical chemists Lavoisier, Priestley, and Scheele--and the women in their lives--with the arguments and self-reflections of a committee of modern-day Swedish scientists trying to award a retro-Nobel for the most important discovery in chemistry before 1901.

Both sets of characters, those of the 18th Century who discovered oxygen and those of the 21st who seek to honor that discovery, act out the passions that drive the men and women who pursue science--and do so in ways at home in either century. The play reveals to the reader, whether a student of science (of any age) or not, the issues and emotions that underlie a scientist's compulsion to question, and hopefully to understand, the workings of the natural world, all the while striving for primacy in discovery. The book offers a voyage of discovery worth taking.

2001- A Chemical Odyssey.......2001-04-29

The year is 1777- the American Revolution and the chemical revolution are both burning brightly. In a Stockholm sauna, Mary Priestley and Marie Anne Pierrette Paulze Lavoisier, the wives of Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier, and Sara Margaretha Pohl, the companion of Carl Wilhelm Scheele, open this imaginative play and set the stage for the scientific, emotional and ethical struggles that follow. It is a tempestuous period: the wealthy Lavoisier was guillotined during the Reign of Terror in 1794. Joseph Priestley, a founder of the Unitarian Church and also a friend of Franklin, was forced to flee England for America, as a mob burned his church to the ground.

The authors of this play comfortably inhabit both of C.P. Snow's "Two Cultures". Roald Hoffmann is a winner of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Carl Djerassi performed the first synthesis of a steroid oral contraceptive. Prior to "Oxygen", Hoffmann had published widely acclaimed poetry and other "cross cultural books" for scientists and non-scientists while Djerassi had published successful novels as well as a play and a book of poems.

Nobel Prizes are awarded to living practioners and the practice has been, where sharing is appropriate- usually in the sciences- no more than three co-awardees. But in 2001, the hundredth anniversary of the Nobel Prize, Astrid Rosenquist, the first female chair of a chemistry Nobel committee springs two surprises on her three male committee members. The first is that the Swedish Academy of Sciences will begin a new Retro-Nobel Prize for early discoveries. The second is the participation of a mysterious and alluring recorder or "amanuensis" named Ulla Zorn.

The play alternates scenes between the Court of King Carl Gustav the Third and the Stockholm of 2001. The discussion of candidates by the modern committee rapidly converges to the discovery of oxygen and the understanding of fire that transformed chemistry into a modern science. The problem is this-we now know that Scheele first discovered oxygen around 1771-2; Priestley discovered it totally independently in 1774, disclosed his discovery to Lavoisier during a visit to Paris in that year and published first. History proves that Scheele also disclosed his discovery in a letter addressed to Lavoisier two weeks before Priestley's visit. Lavoisier never responded to Scheele's letter. But Priestley and Scheele did not understand the significance of their discovery. They believed that the new "fire air" sucked an essence of fire (phlogiston) from burning matter. It was Lavoisier who understood that burning, rusting and respiration all involved addition of oxygen (oxidation) rather than loss of something to the air. One committee member, Bengt Hjalmarsson, is reasonably fluent in French and is assigned Lavoisier. Scheele is assigned to Sune Kallstenius, comfortable in the German language frequently employed by Scheele. Ulf Svanholm is assigned Priestley. Not surprisingly they each become advocates for their "charges". But other human frailties emerge. Bengt and Astrid have a history. Ulf harbors a grudge against Sune, who he is convinced, caused him to be "scooped" on his major discovery. The stage has been set to play off the issues of scientific priority, ambition and motivation, complicated by human passions, among powerful women and men of the eighteenth and twenty-first centuries. Indeed, it is the women who, according to Ms Zorn, are "...usually expected to clean up the dirt" and so they do by clarifying history and moving the modern committee to an acceptable concensus.

The issue of priority for the discovery of oxygen is to be settled in The Judgement of Stockholm. Did Lavoisier, Scheele and Priestley ever meet together? Probably not- but what an exciting thought. And in the best tradition of modern science, the critical experiments of one must be performed by another. There are thrilling scenes here: Lavoisier performing Scheele's generation of "fire-air" under the latter's supervision; Antoine confiding his intuition about Scheele to Marie ("I trust him"); Joseph to Mary about Scheele ("I trust him"); Carl Wilhelm to Fru Pohl on Lavoisier ("I do not trust him"). And there is an extra bonus. There is evidence that to celebrate their chemical revolution, Antoine and Marie performed a brief play or masque. Alas, the script, if one ever existed in writing, is unknown. But Djerassi and Hoffmann offer us a delight- Marie, as "oxygen" publicly humiliates and vanquishes Antoine, as "phlogiston", in a performance witnessed, with amusement, by King Carl Gustav and with increasing discomfort and then consternation by the Priestleys, Scheele and Fru Pohl.

The twists, surprises and the denouement will be left for the discovery of the reader. The authors have succeeded wonderfully in combining solid history, with the informed nuances and rich humor of two of the world's most accomplished scientists. Hoffmann and Djerassi do not recognize the boundaries of the "Two Cultures" and readers of this play will be the richer as a result. One last thought- the number of actors in this play is quite small and the settings simple. A reading of the play can be readily staged by high school or college chemistry classes. What a way to enliven chemical history and bridge the sciences, humanities and fine arts!

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Revolutionizing Chemistry In a Time of Revolution

Lavoisier Great scientist

Lavoisier: "Father of Modern Chemistry"

Lavoisier: A Man of Mysteries

The Chemical Revolution

Lavoisier in the Year One: The Birth of a New Science in an Age of Revolution (Great Discoveries)
Madison Smartt Bell
Manufacturer: W. W. Norton & Company
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Binding: Hardcover

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A World on Fire: A Heretic, an Aristocrat, and the Race to Discover Oxygen

ASIN: 0393051552

Book Description

A literate and lucid account of the eighteenth century's great race to understand the elements—and found a modern science.

Antoine Lavoisier—who lived at the zenith of the Enlightenment and died at the hands of the Revolution—was himself a revolutionary. Closely followed by the burgeoning international scientific community, he competed with the best minds of his time to be the first to explain how chemical processes really work. Aided by a large fortune and his accomplished wife, he employed the most ingenious and expensive technology of his time in a series of innovative experiments that forever buried medieval alchemy and established a chemical language still in use today. Yet his personal triumph was short-lived, and the glory his achievement brought France could not protect him from the ravages of the Terror.

Madison Smartt Bell, building on his celebrated trilogy about the eighteenth-century Haitian uprisings, dramatically re-creates this turbulent era of reason and revolution, and the work of a man who so thoroughly exemplified its spirit. 8 illustrations.

Customer Reviews:

Revolutionizing Chemistry In a Time of Revolution.......2007-08-30

The legacy of Antoine Lavoisier, a meticulous laboratory chemist, is not due to a particular experimental discovery; he is remembered more for developing an effective language for chemistry. Unfortunately, Lavoisier is also remembered for his tragic death by guillotine.

Many accounts of the early years of chemistry are at best confusing, some even bewildering, largely because alchemy's secrets (in many cases poorly understood to begin with) had been deliberately disguised and obfuscated by codes, ciphers, arcane terms, and even literary metaphors. Also, there was no unifying theoretical construct (at least none that was consistent with laboratory results). Despite these inherent difficulties, Madison Smartt Bell's examination of the formative years of modern chemistry is surprisingly clear and lucid. Lavoisier in Year One will appeal to a wide audience.

The young Lavoisier was taught that the presence of phlogiston (the 'matter of fire') in a substance was responsible for the combustibility of that substance. Charcoal, wood, and sulfur burned readily because they contained significant phlogiston. Smelting ores involved the transfer of phlogiston from charcoal to the ore; the ores absorbed the phlogiston, thereby becoming refined metals. In calcinations (now call oxidation) metals were heated and transformed back into ores, thereby releasing their phlogiston. Obviously, one serious drawback to this widely accepted explanation was that phlogiston had never been observed in the laboratory.

For years Lavoisier directed his efforts toward understanding the essence of fire and the nature of air. He compiled a detailed account of all earlier research on on free air and 'fixed air' (typically, carbon dioxide) by French, English, German, and other European scientists. He carefully repeated earlier experiments, using state of the art scientific instrumentation, some that he devised himself.

There is disagreement on whether the discovery of oxygen should be attributed to France (Lavoisier's eminently breathable air), England (Joseph Priestly's dephlogisticated air), or Sweden (Carl Wilhelm Scheele's fire air). The basic problem is that Lavoisier, Priestly, and Scheele were slow to understand exactly what they had discovered. Finally, in a paper to the French Academy of Sciences in 1777, Lavoisier stated: "I shall henceforward designate dephlogisticated air or eminently breathable air ...by that of le principe oxygine." With this new term 'oxygen', Lavoisier clearly won the nomenclature battle.

But even more importantly, in his later years Lavoisier brought forth an entire new language for naming substances. This new lexicon would no longer employ arbitrary names, but use terms which expressed chemical relationships. For example, from the name alone a chemist can immediately recognize that calcium nitrate is a product that has a higher oxygen content than calcium nitrite. This language for naming substances encapsulated the results of laboratory measurements. Lavoisier indeed changed the face of chemistry.

Bell's historical account of Lavoisier is equally a story of a revolution gone awry, a tale of terror and senseless executions. The French Revolution envisioned fundamental changes to all aspects of society. Some innovations, such as the metric system survived, while others have been forgotten. A new calendar divided each month into ten three-day cycles, and each day into ten periods of 100 minutes. Each minute consisted of 100 seconds. The French Revolutionary calendar began year one on September 22, 1792, the day on which the French Republic was formally established. Lavoisier's encounter with the French Revolution's dread Committee of Public Safety was in Year One.

Lavoisier in the Year One is a good addition to the Great Discoveries Series. It is among my favorites. I also recommend Incompleteness: The Proof and Paradox of Kurt Godel (by Rebecca Goldstein), and Einstein's Cosmos: How Einstein's Vision Transformed Our Understanding of Space and Time (by Michio Kaku), and Miss Leavitt's Stars: The Untold Story of the Woman Who Discovered How to Measure the Universe (by George Johnson).

Lavoisier Great scientist.......2007-08-02

Very good book. Explains the dificult times of the French revolution, that caught Lavoisier in the guillotine. Interesting detail on his experiments, and how he did careful scientific research. Many interesting tid-bits on his personal life. Explains how he was careful in doing his experiments & careful in drawing his conclusions. Good examples even today on good experimental procedures. Explains how he discovered Oxygen, at about the same time as Priestly in England.

Lavoisier: "Father of Modern Chemistry".......2006-04-17

In Lavoisier in the Year One, Madison Smartt Bell makes a good effort in giving a glimpse into the life of one of the most well-known scientist of his time, and also a rather influential politician. Bell starts by giving an insight into the influential figures, such as Abb'e Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, who first brought Antoine Lavoisier in contact with the scientific world. Bell reveals the benefits that Lavoisier received as a politician, such as having taxes support for his research; a benefit that other aspiring scientists lacked. Bell illustrates that as Lavoisier made strides, he introduced different theories that differed from the statues quo, such as his theory about combustion. Bell essentially makes it noticeable that Lavoisier did not face resistance for such theories, but Bell does introduce an antagonist force known by as Jean-Paul Marat. Bell achieves his goal of giving detailed insight into a scientist's life.
However, the biography at times presents itself unclear as it tends to go off topic and fails to make connections. More importantly it is unclear to see at times how what Lavoisier had accomplished, influenced the future. Since Lavoisier is "Father of Modern Chemistry," he has much to pass on to major figures in the scientific world. Besides some misguiding in the biography, it presents itself well and it is worthy of respectful recognition.

Lavoisier: A Man of Mysteries.......2006-04-17

Lavoisier in the Year One is a complex biography that discusses both the life of Antoine Lavoisier and also the times that he lived in. Lavoisier was a very intelligent man that lived a multifaceted life. Lavoisier is best known for his work as a scientist, and more specifically a chemist. Known as the "Father of Chemistry," Lavoisier turned chemistry into a mainstream science that was respected by the scientific community as a whole. Before Lavoisier, chemistry was simply a hobby that was essentially a fact-based form of alchemy. This biography discusses how Lavoisier became the man that would change the world of science permanently.

Lavoisier was much more than a chemist. He served various other roles as a scientist, such as a debunker of false scientific claims submitted to the French Royal Society. Lavoisier should also be remembered for the role he played as a member of the French government. He was an inspector for the Tobacco Commission of France, and cracked down both on tobacco smugglers and on those who grew adulterated tobacco. Later, Lavoisier was the head of the Gunpowder Administration, and his efforts to increase the French arsenal proved vital to the American Revolution, as the American revolutionaries received most of their arms from the French. Other major government affairs that Lavoisier was involved in include financing, and the construction of a wall around Paris to prevent goods from being imported into the city without the transporters paying a tax on the goods. Unfortunately, it was his role in these various government affairs that led to his downfall; Lavoisier would be executed by the radical Jacobins during the Reign of Terror in May of 1794.

Chemistry is a subject that is based around elements. In the mid-to-late 18th century, the Aristotelian theory of four elements (fire, earth, air, and water) was beginning to lose popularity after having existed for centuries as the unquestioned truth. Georg Stahl, a German physicist and chemist, came up with the idea of the "phlogiston," which he believed was essentially the driving force behind every effervescent reaction. Lavoisier didn't really believe that the phlogiston existed, even though the idea was gaining popularity at exponential rates. Lavoisier exploited many new inventions, most importantly one which could collect gases that were released during a reaction, to discover and develop the theory of the existence of oxygen. Oxygen was the first element that was discovered, and with its discovery came a chemical revolution.

I believe that Madison Bell was compelled to recount this story because very few people really know about the man that Lavoisier was. Antoine Lavoisier was truly an ingenious man that was involved in just about every part of French society. I believe that Bell simply wanted to share the true story of this complex man.

Anyone interested in reading this book should read it. It is a very well written novel, and Bell shows his mastery of the English language repeatedly throughout the story to bring it to life. This book shows how Lavoisier had ability not only as a scientist, but also as a government reformer, and also how well he was able to keep balance in his life between the two subjects. Bell really did his research with this biography, as he shows how the social developments of the time affected Lavoisier and his work. It truly is a deep book that will show any reader just how intelligent and diligent a man Lavoisier was.

The Chemical Revolution.......2005-08-25

There was the French Revolution in the eighteenth century, but there was an even greater and more far-reaching revolution in France at the time. It was a chemical revolution, an abandonment of ancient ideas about the material around and in us, and an adoption of the products of experiment and rationality. The greatest of the revolutionaries in chemistry was Antoine Lavoisier, whose story has been told many times before. It is brightly summarized within W. W. Norton's valuable "Great Discoveries" series by Madison Smartt Bell in _Lavoisier in the Year One: The Birth of a New Science in an Age of Revolution_ (Atlas Books). Bell is usually a novelist, not a biographer, and he knows how to tell a good story. The title is an exaggeration, as it only concentrates on events around "Year One" of the French Revolutionary Calendar which started at the establishment of the French Republic in 1793. The important accomplishments of Lavoisier's life, and the stupid blood festival that put an end to it, are thus highlighted in a useful and accessible biography.

Lavoisier was born into a prosperous bourgeois family in 1743, and gained his fortune as a private investor working as a tax collector for the government. His wealth enabled him to practice his passion, science. Perhaps more than anyone else, Lavoisier pulled scientific chemistry out of the ancient and respected practice of alchemy. He also dethroned the well-accepted theory that burning represented the release of a peculiar element called phlogiston. He also quite spectacularly decomposed water into hydrogen and oxygen, and recomposed it again from the two gases. The importance of such a literally elemental deconstruction cannot be overstated; water was everywhere, and had been thought of since Aristotle as one of the four basic elements. But deposing the old chemistry did not come only scientifically. It was a political and rhetorical effort. Scientists before Lavoisier had isolated "eminently breathable air," but Lavoisier called it oxygen and further built a new system of chemical nomenclature. For instance, calcium nitrate by its very name reveals that it has more oxygen in it than calcium nitrite. It is the same nomenclature that we use today. Lavoisier's new chemistry was intensely resisted, with phlogiston fans finding new and convoluted ways that their element accomplished everything. His new nomenclature, however, was useful and was an irresistible aid to teaching. Once chemists came to Lavoisier's terms, they had to start accepting his theories.

Some of Lavoisier's previous scientific work endangered him after the Revolution. The Jacobin firebrand Jean-Paul Marat denounced him in 1791 because twelve years before, Lavoisier had discredited Marat as having a charlatan's views of science. Lavoisier had served on the famous committee (alongside his friend Benjamin Franklin) that showed that Mesmerism was bunk, although it had been supported by Marat and by another future member of the Jacobin government Jacques-Pierre Brissot. Brissot went on to champion the abolishment of the national academies of the arts and sciences, insisting that they were elitist and tyrannical. Lavoisier did have a magnificent scientific record, but in gaining it he had made enemies. It was his involvement in the tax system that was his undoing, even though he had been scrupulously fair and honest in his public responsibilities. It may be apocryphal that at his kangaroo court someone said, "The Revolution has no need for scientists," but the outcome once he had been arrested was never in doubt. He was guillotined along with 27 other tax assessors in 1794, facing death with good cheer; he wrote, "The events in which I find myself enveloped will probably spare me the inconveniences of old age." Bell's book rightly concentrates on the scientific accomplishments and explains the way that many of Lavoisier's experiments were performed. It serves well as a reminder of how little we knew of our material world just a couple of centuries ago. It must make us appreciate anew the famous remark of one of Lavoisier's colleagues: "It took them no more than a moment to make that head fall and a hundred years may not be enough to produce another one like it."

Imaging a Career in Science: The Iconography of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (Uppsala Studies in History of Science, 29) (Uppsala Studies in History of Science, 29)

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Imaging a Career in Science: The Iconography of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (Uppsala Studies in History of Science, 29) (Uppsala Studies in History of Science, 29)
Marco Beretta
Manufacturer: Science History Publications/USA
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 0881352942

Book Description

Profusely illustrated in black and white and color, the book analysis the iconography of one of the most famous names in eighteenth century science and relates the imagery to the intellectual climate of the times.

Lavoisier--The Crucial Year: The Background and Origin of His First Experiments on Combustion in 1772 (Classics in the History and Philosophy of Science)

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Lavoisier--The Crucial Year: The Background and Origin of His First Experiments on Combustion in 1772 (Classics in the History and Philosophy of Science)
Henry Guerlac
Manufacturer: Routledge
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Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 2881244041

Book Description

Before Henry Guerlac's book, we knew little about the reasons that led the great chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier to discover the role of air in combustion. Henry Guerlac finds that this breakthrough that began the Chemical Revolution did not come ex nihilo, as many historians claim. Rather, it marked the culmination of research by British and French chemists, radically refashioned by Lavoisier and his disciples. Henry Guerlac portrays Lavoisier integrating Continental and British chemical traditions. Like New ton in physics and Darwin in biology, Lavoisier was a revolutionary. This work presents his in a vigorous and innovative light.

Antoine Lavoisier: Science, Administration and Revolution (Cambridge Science Biographies)

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Antoine Lavoisier: Science, Administration and Revolution (Cambridge Science Biographies)
Arthur Donovan
Manufacturer: Cambridge University Press
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Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 052156672X

Book Description

This biography represents a comprehensive, accessible account of the great eighteenth-century French chemist and administrator, Antoine Lavoisier.

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Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier, 1743-1794
Jean Pierre Poirier
Manufacturer: Gerard Watelet
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Unknown Binding

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ASIN: 2857043848

Antoine Lavoisier: Father of Chemistry (Uncharted, Unexplored, and Unexplained) (Uncharted, Unexplored, and Unexplained)

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Antoine Lavoisier: Father of Chemistry (Uncharted, Unexplored, and Unexplained) (Uncharted, Unexplored, and Unexplained)
Marylou Morano Kjelle
Manufacturer: Mitchell Lane Publishers
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Binding: Library Binding

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ASIN: 1584153091

Book Description

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier was a statesman, businessman, economist, and a social reformer who accomplished many things in each of these roles. However, it is for his work as a chemist that he is best remembered. Lavoisier uncovered the significance of oxygen. He was the first to understand that water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. And the contributions he made to the metric system and chemical nomenclature continue to help scientists to this day.

Early in life Lavoisier learned to look at a problem analytically, and to approach its solution in a methodical manner. Whether in the laboratory or out, Lavoisier was continuously trying to improve the lives of his fellow French citizens. His keen mind made him world-famous, and even George Washington sought his advice.

Customer Reviews:

Excellent Overview of a life.......2005-12-27

This book provides an excellent look into the life of arguably one of the most important scientists to have an impact on modern physics as well as other branches of the sciences. The sections provide a glance into different aspects of his life with each providing a rather in depth explanation of how or why he did certain things. Many of his theories and experiments are explained in this text and will aid in any research on this particular man.

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, Chemist and Revolutionary (Emblem Editions)

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Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, Chemist and Revolutionary (Emblem Editions)
Henry Guerlac
Manufacturer: Scribner
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0684142228

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